Principles And Theories Of Learning Performance Flashcards
What is reinforcement?
The process causing behaviour to reoccur by strengthening the stimulus response bond
What is positive reinforcement?
Approval which increases probability of behaviour occurring
What is an example positive reinforcement
Praise from the coach, applause from the crowd
What is negative reinforcement?
Withdrawal of disapproval when desired behaviour prevails
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
Coach stops shouting from the sidelines when the team are playing well
What is punishment?
Disapproval/annoyer when an undesired behaviour occurs to prevent the behaviour from reoccurring
What is an example of punishment?
A red card in football
What are Thorndyke’s Laws?
- Law of effect
- Law of exercise
- Law of readiness
What is the Law of Effect?
Positive reinforcement which increases the chances of behaviour reoccurring
What is the Law of Exercise?
In order for bond to be strengthened it is necessary for regular practise to take place in favourable conditions
What is the Law of Readiness?
For learning to be effective, the performer has to be in the right frame of mind as well as being physically capable of completing the task
What are the connectionist or association theories?
- Rely on the learner connecting a stimulus with a movement response
- Outcome and product mores important than understanding process
- Connections called ‘learning bonds’
- Bonds can be strengthened through reinforcement and repetition
- Performers behaviour becomes habitual
What is operant conditioning?
- Connectionist/associationist theory
- Manipulation of behaviour towards as stimulus
- Behaviour is a result of of the consequences of their previous actions
Examples of operant conditioning?
Whistle blowing = pause play
Catching the ball = stop moving
Goal scored = reset game
Step into centre circle = game starts
What are the key words in operant conditioning?
Structured situation - to bring about desired response
Behaviour shaping - behaviour is learned
Trail and error - Attempt practise and produce both correct and incorrect responses
Apply reinforcement
What are intervening variables?
Factor impacting from previous experiences
What is observational learning?
- Learning by demonstration/visual guidance
- Modelling and reinforcement
- Copying human behaviour
What is bandura’s model?
- Demonstration
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor reproduction
- Motivation
- Matching performance
What does a demonstration need to be?
Accurate and clear
What does attention need to be?
Memorable, focus on key points
How to have good retention?
Use mental images, video clips and pictures
What is motor reproduction?
If a person can perform/practise something properly
What is motivation?
If a performer is willing to do something
What is a learning plateau?
Slowing or stopping progression/learning
What are causes of a learning plateau?
- Injury
- Less effective training/coaching (not being realistic)
- Demotivation (training not enjoyable)
- Lack of specific feedback
- Lack of fitness
- Too high level of challenge (set realistic goals)
