Principles and Pharmacology

Question 1

Hypnotics are what type of drug?

Answer 1

Central Acting Drugs

Question 2

ASA 1 Surgical patient is defined as?

Answer 2

Normal and Fit/Healthy

Question 3

ASA 2 Surgical patient is defined as?

Answer 3

Mild Systemic Disease

Question 4

ASA 3 Surgical patient is defined as?

Answer 4

Severe Systemic Disease

Question 5

ASA 4 Surgical patient is defined as?

Answer 5

Severe Systemic disease that is constant threat to life

Question 6

ASA 5 surgical patient is defined as?

Answer 6

Moribund Patient not expected to survive.

Question 7

ASA 6 surgical patient is defined as?

Answer 7

Patient declared brain death, usually undergoing organ retrieval

Question 8

Mortality is generally concentrated in what ASA fields?

Answer 8

ASA 3-5

Question 9

What 3 parts make up anaesthesia triad?

Answer 9

Analgesia
Relaxation
Hypnosis

Question 10

General Anesthetic agents interfere with what channels (2)

Answer 10

Neuronal Ion Channels and Hyperpolarise Neurones

Question 11

GABA agents in General Anesthetic do what?

Answer 11

Open Chloride Channels

Question 12

In terms of functions in anaesthesia what functions are lost early and last?

Answer 12

Early LOC

Later Hearing

Question 13

Name two types of IV Anesthesia?

Answer 13

Thiopentone or Propofol

Question 14

IV anaesthesia are said to be what type of drug?

Answer 14

Fat Soluble

Question 15

Thiopentone and Propofol features? (3)

Answer 15

Cross Blood Brain Barrier Quickly
Get into Neural Tissue Quickly
Muscle picks up drug slowly

Question 16

Name an Inhaled Anesthestic?

Answer 16

Halogenated Hydrocarbon

Question 17

Halogenated Hydrocarbons are taken up and excreted via?

Answer 17

Lungs then Blood then Brain

Question 18

If an inhaled anaesthesia has a a low minimal alveolar concentration what does that mean?

Answer 18

High Potency

Question 19

Main role of inhalation anaesthetics?

Answer 19

Extend or Continuation of Anesthesia

Question 20

What opiate is given in anaesthesia?

Answer 20

Remifentanil

Question 21

Sequence of General Anesthesia? (3)

Answer 21

Induction
Inhalational
IV

Question 22

What does General Anesthesia do centrally to Cardiovascular System? (4)

Answer 22

Depress CV System
Reduce Symp Outflow
Negative Inotropic Effect on Heart
Vasodilation = Reduce Vasoconstrictor Tone

Question 23

What does General Anesthesia do to venous return, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance?

Answer 23

Decreased

Question 24

What is the only General Anesthesia agent that doesn’t have adverse effect on cv system or respiratory?

Answer 24

Ketamine

Question 25

What does General Anesthesia do to Hypoxic and Hyperbaric Drive?

Answer 25

Reduced

Question 26

Features of General Anesthesia on Respiratory? (6)

Answer 26

``` Reduced Hypoxic Drive Reduced Hyperbaric Drive Decreased Tidal Volume Increase Resp Rate Paralyse Cilia Decrease FRC ```

Question 27

What does General Anesthesia do to brainstems?

Answer 27

Depression of Brainstem Resp Centres = Hypoxic and hypercarbic drive

Question 28

Good Opiates for Anesthesia? (4)

Answer 28

Fentanyl Morphine Oxycodone Remifentanil

Question 29

Morphine Oxycodone is used for Surgery when?

Answer 29

To continue post op

Question 30

Which opiate in anaesthesia has to be given by infusion?

Answer 30

Remifentanil

Question 31

Which opiate doesn't give any post op pain relief?

Answer 31

Remifentanil

Question 32

Name 3 Local Anesthesias?

Answer 32

Lignocaine Bupivacaine Ropivacine

Question 33

What do local anesthesias do? (2)

Answer 33

Block Na Channels and Prevent Axonal Action

Question 34

Local Anesthesias should not be given?

Answer 34

By IV

Question 35

Which local anesthesia has high toxicity?

Answer 35

Bupivacaine

Question 36

Physiology of Neuraxial Block (3)

Answer 36

Inspiratory Function Spared Decrease FRC Increased V/Q Mismatch