Principles and Design of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of skeletal muscles?

A

mechanical work, fuels protein degradation for ATP synthesis. White muscles fibers: contract rapidly, have limited duration, high capacity, limited aerobic oxidation (low mitochondria count), glycogen and glucose breakdown with lactate formation
Red muscle fibers: slower contracting, higher oxidative capacity, high mitochondria count

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2
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of heart?

A

continuous contracting, high oxidative capacitym highest density of mitochondria

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3
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of liver?

A

biosynthetic and detox, rich in mitochondria, store glucose as glycogen, de novo glucose synthesis, urea synthesis, ketone synthesis, assemble lipoproteins, fuel homeostasis

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4
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of brain and nerves

A

ion pumping - maintain membrane potential for electrical activity. high glycolytic and oxidative capacity, major fuel: glucose, can adapt to use ketones, not fatty acids

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5
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of adipose tissue

A

storage, mobilization and synthesis of triglycerides

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6
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of kidney?

A

fluid homeostasis, osmotic work, active transport, acid and base balance, uses fatty acids, lactate, and ketons for fuel, ammonia synthesis and gluconeogenesis possible

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7
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of red blood cells?

A

exchange O2 and CO2. no mitochondria, anaerobic glycolysis, makes 2,3BPG to regulate O2 affinity of hemoglobin

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8
Q

What is the function and metabolic capacity of GI tract

A

nutrients digested by enzymes and absorbed via membrane transporters

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9
Q

What pathways take place in the cytosol only?

A

glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, protein synthesis

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10
Q

What pathways take place in the mitochondria only?

A

TCA, oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis and ketone oxidation

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11
Q

What pathways use both cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes?

A

gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis

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12
Q

What pathways take place in smooth ER?

A

triglyceride synthesis, phospholipid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, hydroxylation and detoxification reactions (cytochrome p450)

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13
Q

What are the properties of a protein kinase?

A

transfer phosphate from the gamma position on ATP to hydroxyl group of serine, threonine, tyrosine, to form phosphate ester linkage

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14
Q

What are the properties of a protein phosphatase?

A

hydrolyze phosphate ester and return protein/enzyme to dephosphorylated form

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15
Q

What does phosphorylation do to an enzyme in the catabolic pathway?

A

activate it

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16
Q

What does phosphorylation do to an ezyme in the anabolic pathway?

A

inhibit it

17
Q

what is creatine phosphate?

A

its a storage form used in muscles

18
Q

How many high energy molecules are formed in glycolysis, TCA, fatty acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation?

A

glycolysis - 2 ATP, 2 NADH
TCA - 1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
Fatty acid oxidation- 1 NADH, 1 FADH2
Oidative phosphorylation: for each NADH - 3 (2.5) ATP, for each FADH2: 2 (1.5) ATP

19
Q

What do dehydrogenases do?

A

catalyze transfer of hydrogen from substrate to coenzyme acceptor

20
Q

What are the differences between NAD+ and NADP+

A

NADP+ has additional phosphate group
NAD+ primary catabolic and oxidative
NADP+ primarily anabolic, reductive
NAD mostly mitochondria NADP mostly cytosol

21
Q

What do oxidases do?

A

they catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions, transfer electrons from some organic substrate to molecular oxygen via an intermediate carrier (like metal ions or flavin nucleotides (FMN or FAD)) Oxygen reduced to water or hydrogen peroxide.

22
Q

What do oxygenases do?

A

catalyze incorporation of molecular oxygen into organic substrates

23
Q

describe the effects of peroxidases and catalases?

A

peroxidases - reduce hydrogen peroxide to H2O

catalases- catalyse the dimutation of hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2