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Y1 Principles Anatomy > Principles > Flashcards

Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical position (7 points)

A 
Standing
Facing forwards
Face + eyes looking forward
Upper limbs by their sides
Palms facing forwards
Feet together
Toes pointing forwards
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2
Q

If a patient is lying supine, are they lying on their front or back?

A

On their back

sup-er comfy

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3
Q

A prone patient is lying on their ____

A

Front

we are prone to falling over onto our front

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4
Q

How does the sagittal plane divide the body?

A

Into left and right parts

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5
Q

How does the coronal plane divide the body?

A

Into front and back parts

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6
Q

How does the axial plane divide the body?

A

Into upper and lower parts

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7
Q

Dorsal surface of the wrist refers to which surface?

A

Posterior

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8
Q

Dorsal surface of the hand refers to which surface?

A

Posterior

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9
Q

Dorsal surface of the foot refers to which surface?

A

Superior

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10
Q

Dorsal surface of the tongue refers to which surface?

A

Posterior/top of tongue

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11
Q

Volar surface is which surface of which part of the body?

A

Anterior surface of the wrist

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12
Q

Palmar surface is which surface of which part of the body?

A

Anterior surface of the hand

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13
Q

Plantar surface is which surface of which part of the body?

A

Inferior surface of the foot

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14
Q

Ventral surface is which surface of which part of the body?

A

Anterior/underside surface of tongue

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15
Q

What is meant by flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle at a joint

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16
Q

What is meant by abduction?

A

Movement away from the median sagittal plane

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17
Q

All anterior movements at joints superior to the knee joints are extensions. True/False?

A

False

They are flexions

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18
Q

From the knee joint to the toes, all anterior movements at joints are flexions. True/False?

A

False

They are extensions

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19
Q

Describe dorsiflexion of the ankle

A

Dorsal surface of foot moves superiorly

this is actually an extension!

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20
Q

Describe plantar flexion of the ankle

A

Plantar surface of the foot moves inferiorly

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21
Q

What is meant by pronation of the forearm?

A

Anterior surface of forearm rotates such that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

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22
Q

What is meant by supination of the forearm?

A

Rotating back from the pronated position back into the anatomical position

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23
Q

When in the anatomical position, the forearm is pronated. True/False?

A

False

It is supinated

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24
Q

What is involved in abduction of the thumb?

A

Anterior movement of thumb away from the palm

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25
Q

What is involved in extension of the thumb?

A

Lateral movement of thumb away from the palm

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26
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types in the body?

A

Epithelia, muscle, connective tissue, nerves

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27
Q

What is the major lymphatic vessel of the body?

A

Thoracic duct

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28
Q

Name some functions of bone

A

Support + protect organs
Calcium metabolism
RBC formation
Provide attachment for skeletal muscle

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29
Q

What type of joint is the coronal suture?

A

Fibrous joint

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30
Q

The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulnan is an example of a cartilaginous joint. True/False?

A

False

It is a fibrous joint

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31
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

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32
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint

A

Intervertebral discs

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33
Q

What happens in “slipped disc”?

A

Inner nucleus pulposus squeezes out and compresses spinal cord

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of bursae?

A

Extensions of the joint cavity

Closed sacs near the joint cavity

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35
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint

A

Antlantoaxial joint

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36
Q

Give an example of a plane joint

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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37
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow joint

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38
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

A

Hip joint

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39
Q

Give an example of a biaxial joint

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

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40
Q

Describe a temporomandibular joint

A

Articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone + the head of the condylar process of the mandible

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41
Q

What is the process by which long bones develop called?

A

Endochondral ossification

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42
Q

What are the 2 components of bone?

A 
Outer cortex (dense, strong, compact bone)
Inner medulla (spongy, weak, light bone)
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43
Q

Outer cortex of bone may contain bone marrow, the site of RBC production. True/False

A

False

Inner medulla may contain bone marrow

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44
Q

What is the outermost layer of bone called?

A

Periosteum

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45
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the skull, neck, chest, abdomen and back

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46
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle

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47
Q

List the bones of the neurocranium

A 
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
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48
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone

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49
Q

What foramen does the spinal cord pass through to the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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50
Q

Describe the vertebral column in terms of groups of vertebrae

A 
Cervical (C1-C7)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacral (5 sacral form 1 sacrum)
Coccygeal (4 form 1 coccyx)
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51
Q

Name the components of the vertebral arch

A

2 x lamina

2 x pedicle

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52
Q

Cardiac muscle is striated. True/False?

A

True

53
Q

Describe paralysis

A

Muscle without functioning motor supply, therefore cannot contract

54
Q

Describe spasticity

A

Muscle has motor supply, but descending controls not working, resulting in over-contraction

55
Q

The heart is located in the anterior mediastinum. True/False?

A

False

Middle mediastinum

56
Q

What are the 3 layers surrounding the heart called?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer
Visceral layer

57
Q

The parietal layer is stuck to the heart. True/False?

A

False

It is stuck to the fibrous pericardium

58
Q

Which pericardial layer is stuck to the heart?

A

Visceral layer

59
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

Between the visceral and parietal layers

60
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart called?

A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Myocardium (muscle layer)
Endocardium (internal lining)

61
Q

Which arteries are the first branches of the aorta?

A

Coronary arteries

62
Q

Name the 3 surfaces of the heart

A

Anterior, base (posterior) and diaphragmatic (inferior) surfaces

63
Q

What restricts spread of cardiac electrical impulses?

A

Cardiac skeleton; fibrous rings of the valves

64
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract comprise of?

A

Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

65
Q

At the level of which vertebra does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6

66
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segements does each lung have?

A

10

67
Q

What supplies the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Segmental bronchi

68
Q

The amount of cartilage increases distally in the respiratory tree. True/False?

A

False

It decreases

69
Q

What is the nasal septum made up of?

A 
Bony posterior (ethmoid + vomer)
Cartilaginous anterior (septal cartilage)
70
Q

Name the cartilages of the larynx

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages

71
Q

Large foreign bodies tend to block the URT at the level of what?

A

Rima glottidis

72
Q

Name the 4 muscles of mastication

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial + lateral pterygoid

73
Q

Which muscle prevents drooling?

A

Orbicularis oris

74
Q

Name the 4 papillae on the tongue

A

Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform

75
Q

The outer layer of smooth muscle in the intestines is circularly arranged. True/False?

A

False

It is longitudinal; inner muscle is circular

76
Q

What is meant by an intraperitoneal organ?

A

Almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum

N.B. is not in the peritoneal cavity

77
Q

What is meant by a retroperitoneal organ?

A

Located in the retroperitoneum (behind parietal peritoneum), covered only anteriorly by visceral peritoneum

78
Q

Name the organs of the foregut

A 
Oesophagus
1/2 duodenum
Liver
Gall bladder
Spleen
1/2 pancreas
79
Q

Name the organs of the midgut

A

1/2 duodenum
2/3 transverse colon
1/2 pancreas

80
Q

Name the organs of the hindgut

A

1/3 transverse colon

1/2 anal canal

81
Q

What are the 3 midline branches of the aorta?

A

Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

82
Q

Where do branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries lie?

A 
SMA = mesentery of small intestine
IMA = mesentery of sigmoid colon
83
Q

The splenic vein drains blood from the midgut to the HPV. True/False?

A

False

Drains blood from the foregut

84
Q

The IMV drains blood from the hindgut to the HPV. True/False?

A

False

Drains to the splenic vein (which drains to HPV)

85
Q

SMV drains blood from midgut to HPV. True/False?

A

True

86
Q

Endocrine glands secrete enzymes. True/False?

A

False

They secrete hormones

87
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus + thalamus

88
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

The infundibulum

89
Q

What hormones do hypothalamic neurones manufacture?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)

90
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH transported to from hypothalamic neurones?

A

Posterior pituitary

91
Q

Hypothalamic neurones secrete release or release-inhibitory hormones into the hypophyseal portal venous system. Where does this blood then go?

A

To anterior pituitary and then a second set of veins (hypophyseal veins) and then eventually the SVC

92
Q

What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?

A

Goitre

93
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4 (2 from each lung)

94
Q

Sympathetic system has craniosacral outflow. True/False?

A

False

Thoracolumbar

95
Q

Name the branches of the arch of the aorta

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

96
Q

Which arteries form the Circle of Willis?

A 
Right and left internal carotid arteries
Basillar artery (formed by right + left vertebral arteries)
97
Q

Where is the carotid sinus located?

A

Most proximal part of the internal carotid artery

98
Q

What does the subclavian artery become?

A

Axillary artery - brachial artery - radial and ulnar arteries

99
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A

Right and left common iliac arteries

100
Q

Which branch of the common iliac artery supplies the pelvis?

A

Internal iliac artery

101
Q

Which branch of the common iliac artery supplies the lower limbs?

A

External iliac artery

102
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph into the left venous angle. True/False?

A

True

103
Q

What drains lymph into the right venous angle?

A

The right lymphatic duct

104
Q

In the upright posture, excess peritoneal fluid will collect where?

A

Rectouterine pouch of Douglas

105
Q

Fertilisation usually occurs where?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

106
Q

Where does implantation usually occur?

A

The body of the uterus

107
Q

Describe passage of sperm from seminiferous tubules

A

Pass into rete testis - head of epididymis - vas deferens - spermatic cord - ejaculatory duct - urethra

108
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform venous plexus

109
Q

What are the structures of the renal hilum?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

110
Q

Where are nephrons located?

A

In renal pyramids in the medulla

111
Q

What are the 3 major sites of ureteric constriction?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Anterior aspect of common iliac artery
Ureteric orifice

112
Q

What do axons do?

A

Convey action potentials

113
Q

Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic innervation?

A

C3, C7, C9, C10

114
Q

CN I + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Olfactory, sensory, cribriform plate

115
Q

CN II + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Optic, sensory, optic canal

116
Q

CN III + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Oculomotor, motor, superior orbital fissure

117
Q

CN IV + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Trochlear, motor, superior orbital fissure

118
Q

CN V + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Trigeminal, sensory + motor
Opthalmic = superior orbital fissure
Maxillary = foramen rotundum
Mandibular = foramen ovale

119
Q

CN VI + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Abducent, motor, superior orbital fissure

120
Q

CN VII + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Facial, sensory + motor, internal acoustic meatus

121
Q

CN VIII + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Vesibulocochlear, sensory, internal acoustic meatus

122
Q

CN IX + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Glossopharyngeal, sensory + motor, jugular foramen

123
Q

CN X + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Vagus, sensory + motor, jugular foramen

124
Q

CN XI + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Spinal accessory, motor, jugular foramen

125
Q

CN XII + its function + which foramen it passes through

A

Hypoglossal, motor, hypoglossal canal

126
Q

White matter in the brain is deep to grey matter. True/False?

A

True

127
Q

White matter in the CNS is deep to grey matter. True/False?

A

False

Grey matter is deep to white matter in the CNS

128
Q

What do roots and rootlets do?

A

Connect spinal nerve to spinal cord

129
Q

What do rami do?

A

Connect spinal nerve to body wall structures

Y1 Principles Anatomy (3 decks)

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