Principles

Question 1

14 Learner-Centered Principles

Answer 1

Cognitive and Metacognitive Factor (6 principles)

Motivational and Affective Factors (3 principles)

Developmental and Social Factors 2 principles

Individual Difference Factors (3 principles)

Question 2

Cognitive and Metacognitive Factor (6 principles)

Answer 2

1. Nature of the learning process
2. Goals of the learning process
3. Construction of knowledge
4. Strategic thinking
5. Thinking about thinking
6. Context of learning

Question 3

Motivational and Affective Factors (3 principles)

Answer 3

7. Motivational and emotional influences on learning
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8. Intrinsic motivation to learn
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9. Effects of motivation on effort

Question 4

Developmental and Social Factors 2 principles

Answer 4

10. Developmental influences on learning
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11. Social influences on learning

Question 5

Individual Difference Factors (3 principles)

Answer 5

12. Individual differences in learning
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13. Learning and diversity
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14. Standards and assessment

Question 6

Nature of the learning process

Answer 6

The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.

Question 7

Goals of the learning process

Answer 7

The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge.

Question 8

3. Construction of knowledge

Answer 8

The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.

Question 9

Strategic thinking

Answer 9

The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals

Question 10

Thinking about thinking

Answer 10

Higher order strategies for selecting und monitoring menta operations facilitate creative and critical thinking

Question 11

Context of learning

Answer 11

Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices.

Question 12

Motivational and emotional influences on learning

Answer 12

What and how much is learned is influenced by the learner’s motivation. Motivation to learn, in turn, is influenced by the individual’s emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits of thinking.

Question 13

Intrinsic motivation to learn

Answer 13

The learner’s creativity, higher order thinking, and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn. Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal choice and control

Question 14

Effects of motivation on effort

Answer 14

Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided practice. Without learners’ motivation to learn, the willingness to exert this effort is unlikely without coercion.

Question 15

Developmental influences on learning

Answer 15

As individuals develop, there are different opportunities. and constraints for learning. Learning is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into account,

Question 16

Social influences on learning

Answer 16

Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communication with others.

Question 17

Individual differences in learning

Answer 17

Learners have different strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning that are a function of prior experience and heredity.

Question 18

Learning and diversity

Answer 18

Learning is most effective when differences in learners’ Baguistic, cultural, und social backgrounds are taken into

Question 19

Standards and assessment

Answer 19

Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning progress including diagnostic, process, and outcome assessment are integral parts of the learning process.