Principles Flashcards
how are radiographs named?
according to the direction the central x-ray penetrates the body from point-of-entrance to point-of-exit
oblique: angle of obliquity inserted if NOT standard 45 degrees (ex. DLPaMO = D60LPaMO if 60 degrees laterally with respect to dorsal)
lateral abdomen/thorax: abbreviated relative to to the recumbency of the patient (basically what side the animal is lying on, rather than the standard naming)
tell me about the special cases of naming for these circumstances:
- skull
- above carpus/tarsus
- below carpus/tarsus
skull: use rostral instead of cranial
above carpus/tarsus: cranial/caudal
below carpus/tarsus: dorsal/palmar/plantar
how do you hang a radiograph? like what directions are where?
lateral views: head to left, dorsal is up
VD/DV: head is top, patient left on right of screen
SA limbs: distal is down, L vs R is whatever you want (be consistent)
LA limbs: walking to the left
doubling of mAs = ______%_________ in kVp
halving of mAs = ______% __________ in kVp
15 increase
15 decrease
silhouette sign is also called ….. ?
border effacement
should you do a dog-o-gram?
no
what is the minimum number of views for a standard radiograph? what about for LA?
2 - orthogonal views
4 for LA
what are the borders for thoracic radiograph?
thoracic inlet –> all of diaphragm –> sternum and ST –> dorsal spinous processes
what are the borders for abdomen radiograph?
diaphragm –> end of pelvis
try to include ST’s to caudal end of pelvis if relevant
what are the borders for MSK joint radiograph?
joint in centre of image, mid diaphysis above and below
what are the borders for MSK bone radiograph?
joint above and below bone
for thorax radiographs, how many views should you take and what views?
at least 2
lateral AND VD or DV
depends on purpose of study:
- metastatic check: min 3 views (both laterals and VD)
- cardiac evaluation: 2 views lateral and VD or DV
- heart failure: 2 views lateral and DV
for abdomen radiographs, how many views should you take and what views?
2 views at leasdt
right or left lateral AND VD or DV
best clinical practice = 3 views
for MSK radiographs, how many views should you take and what views?
at least 2 for most things
cuboidal joints (carpus/tarsus): min 4 views