Principles

Question 1

The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.

Answer 1

Principle 1: Nature of the learning process

Question 2

The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge.

Answer 2

Principle 2: Goals of the learning process

Question 3

The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways

Answer 3

Principle 3: Construction of knowledge

Question 4

The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies

Answer 4

Principle 4: Strategic Thinking

Question 5

Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and
critical thinking.

Answer 5

Principle 5: Thinking about thinking

Question 6

Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional
practices

Answer 6

Principle 6: Context of learning

Question 7

What and how much is learned is influenced by the learner‘s motivation. Motivation to learn, in
turn, is influenced by individual‘s emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits of
thinking.

Answer 7

Principle 7: Motivational and emotional influences on learning

Question 8

The learner‘s creativity, higher order thinking, and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation
to learn. Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to
personal interest, and providing for personal choice and control.

Answer 8

Principle 8: Intrinsic motivation to learn

Question 9

Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided
practice. Without learners‘ motivation to learn, the willingness to exert this effort is unlikely
without coercion.

Answer 9

Principle 9: Effects of motivation and effort

Question 10

As individuals develop, there are different opportunities and constraints for learning. Learning
is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual,
emotional, and social domains is taken into account.

Answer 10

Principle 10: Developmental influences on learning

Question 11

Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communication with
others.

Answer 11

Principle 11: Social influences on learning

Question 12

Learners have different strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning that are a function
of prior experience and heredity.

Answer 12

Principle 12: Individual differences in learning

Question 13

Learning is most effective when differences in learner‘s linguistic, cultural, and social
backgrounds are taken into account.

Answer 13

Principle 13: Learning and diversity

Question 14

Setting appropriately high challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning progress

Answer 14

Principle 14: Standards and assessment

Question 15

Four domains important in learning

Answer 15

1. Metacognitive and Cognitive Factors
2. Affective and Motivational Factors
3. Developmental and Social Factors
4. Individual Difference Factors