Principle of Oncology Flashcards
ALL is diagnosed by
Bone marrow evaluation that demonstrates >25% of the bone marrow cells as a homogeneous population of lymphoblasts.
An agent specifically designed to inhibit the BCR-ABL kinase resulting from the translocation
Imatinib
An agent specifically designed to inhibit the BCR-ABL kinase resulting from the translocation
Imatinib
Initial therapy, termed remission induction is designed to
Eradicate the leukemic cells from the bone marrow. During this phase, therapy is given for 4 wk and consists of vincristine weekly, a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone or prednisone, and usually a single dose of a long-acting, pegylated asparaginase preparation.
Initial therapy, termed remission induction is designed to
Eradicate the leukemic cells from the bone marrow. During this phase, therapy is given for 4 wk and consists of vincristine weekly, a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone or prednisone, and usually a single dose of a long-acting, pegylated asparaginase preparation.
Second phase of treatment in ALL is
Consolidation; focuses on intensive CNS therapy in combination with continued intensive systemic therapy in an effort to prevent later CNS relapses.
Second phase of treatment in ALL is
Consolidation; focuses on intensive CNS therapy in combination with continued intensive systemic therapy in an effort to prevent later CNS relapses.
Many regimens provide 14-28 wk of therapy, with the drugs and schedules used varying depending on the risk group of the patient this period of treatment is often termed as
intensification and includes phases of aggressive treatment (delayed intensification) as well as relatively nontoxic phases of treatment (interim maintenance)
Many regimens provide 14-28 wk of therapy, with the drugs and schedules used varying depending on the risk group of the patient this period of treatment is often termed as
intensification and includes phases of aggressive treatment (delayed intensification) as well as relatively nontoxic phases of treatment (interim maintenance)
Finally, patients enter the maintenance phase of therapy, which lastsfor 2-3 yr, depending on the protocol used patients are given
Daily mercaptopurine and weekly oral methotrexate, usually with intermittent doses of vincristine and a corticosteroid.
Cellular classification of AML
> 20% of bone marrow cells on bone marrow aspiration or biopsy touch preparations constitute a fairly homogeneous population of blast cells, with features similar to those that characterize early differentiation states of the myeloidmonocyte-megakaryocyte series of blood cells.
Diagnosis confirmation of CML
It is confirmed by cytogenetic and molecular studies that demonstrate the presence of the characteristic Philadelphia chromosome and the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement
Diagnosis confirmation of CML
It is confirmed by cytogenetic and molecular studies that demonstrate the presence of the characteristic Philadelphia chromosome and the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement
Pathognomonic features of Hodgkin Lyphoma
Reed Sternberg Cells
-A large cell (15-45 µm in diameter) with multiple or multilobulated nuclei.
-The RS cell is clonal in origin and arises from the germinal center B cells but typically has lost most B-cell gene expression and function.
Hodgkin Lyphoma - B symptoms
Considered important in staging are unexplained fever >38°C (100.4°F), weight loss >10% total body weight over 6 mo, and drenching night sweats
The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes:
- Proto-oncogenes.- involved in normal cell growth and division. They become cancer-causing genes (or oncogenes) allowing cells to grow and survive.
- Tumor suppressor genes - involved in controlling cell growth and division.
- DNA repalr genes.- involved in fixing damaged DNA
Risk Factors: Lifestyle and environmental risk factors
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
- Diet
- Sunlight
- Radiation
-Industrial agents and chemicals - Hormones
An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an increase in size. It is often a response to a stimulus and is usually reversible.
Hyperplasia
An increase in the size of individual cells, leading to the enlargement of a tissue or organ without an increase in cell number
Hypertrophy
Abnormal development or growth of cells within a tissue or organ.
The cells appear disordered and may vary in size and shape and is often considered a precancerous condition and may progress to cancer if not treated.
Dysplasia
The loss of differentiation and structure in cells, often seen in malignant tumors. These cells have an irregular appearance and lack the normal features of mature, specialized cells.
Anaplasia
A reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another. It is often an adaptive response to chronic irritation or stress.
Metaplasia
A reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another. It is often an adaptive response to chronic irritation or stress.
Metaplasia
The formation of a new, abnormal growth of tissue, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
Neoplasia
