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Medical Junior > Principle In Cardiology > Flashcards

Principle In Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of Cardiac Disease

A
  1. Heart Failure Symptoms
  2. Chest Pain
  3. Arrhythmia Symptoms
  4. Cyanosis
  5. Infective Symptoms
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2
Q

Heart Failure Symptoms

A
  1. Symptoms of Pulmonary Venous Congestion
  2. Symptoms of Systemic Congestion
  3. Symptoms of Low Cardiac Output
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3
Q

Cause of pulmonary venous congestion symptoms

A

Stagnation of blood in pulmonary veins

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4
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary venous congestion

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Orthopnea
  3. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
  4. Cough
  5. Hemoptysis
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5
Q

Cause of systemic congestion symptoms

A

Stagnation of blood behind a right ventricular lesion

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6
Q

Symptoms of systemic congestion

A
  1. Lower limb swelling
  2. Abdominal distension
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7
Q

Cause of low cardiac output symptoms

A

Hypoperfusion

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8
Q

Symptoms of low cardiac output

A
  1. Reduced effort tolerance
  2. Dizziness
  3. Syncope
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9
Q

Chest pain cardiac causes

A
  1. Coronary artery disease
  2. Pericarditis
  3. Aortic Aneurysm
  4. Dissecting aneurysm
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10
Q

Cardiac arrhythmia cause

A

Electrophysiological abnormalities in conduction pathway

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11
Q

Symptoms of cardiac arrhythmia

A
  1. Palpitation
  2. Syncopal attack
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12
Q

Cause of palpitation in cardiac arrhythmia

A

Tachyarrhythmia

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13
Q

Cause of syncopal attack in cardiac arrhythmia

A

Poor cardiac output due to poor heart contractility

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14
Q

Cardiac causes of cyanosis

A
  1. Cyanotic heart diseases (ASD, VSD, Tetralogy of Fallot)
  2. Cor pulmonale
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15
Q

Why cyanotic heart disease causes cyanosis

A

Right to left cardiac shunting

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16
Q

Non cardiac causes of cyanosis

A
  1. ILD
  2. COPD
  3. Methemoglobinemia
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17
Q

Causes of infective symptoms

A
  1. Infective endocarditis
  2. Pericarditis
  3. Rheumatic fever
18
Q

Signs of cardiac disease on general examination that shouldn’t be missed

A
  1. Heart Failure sign
  2. Atrial Fibrillation sign
  3. Infective Endocarditis Stigmata
  4. Aortic Regurgitation peripheral signs
  5. Overwarfarinisation signs
19
Q

Infective endocarditis stigmata

A
  1. Splinter hemorrhages
  2. Janeway lesions
  3. Osler’s nodes
  4. Conjunctival hemorrhages
20
Q

Characteristic of Janeway lesions

A
  1. Painless spots
  2. On palm/soles of feet
21
Q

Characteristic of Osler’s nodes

A
  1. Painful nodules
  2. In pulp of fingers/toes
22
Q

Peripheral signs of aortic regurgitation

A

MCD TQ

  1. Muller sign
  2. Corrigan pulse
  3. De-Musset sign
  4. Traube sign
  5. Quincke sign
23
Q

Corrigan pulse

A

Rapid and forceful distension of arterial pulse with quick collapse

24
Q

De-Musset sign

A

To and fro head bobbing

25
Q

Muller sign

A

Visible pulsation of uvula

26
Q

Quincke sign

A

Capillary pulsations seen on light compression of nail bed

27
Q

Traube sign

A

Systolic and diastolic sounds (pistol shots) over the femoral artery

28
Q

Thoracic scars can be found during inspection

A
  1. Midline sternotomy scar
  2. Pacemaker scar
  3. Anterolateral thoracotomy scar
  4. Axillary thoracotomy scar
  5. Posterolateral thoracotomy scar
29
Q

Apex beat character & interpretation

A
  1. Normal: Gentle tapping
  2. Volume Overload (AR, Anemia, Thyrotoxicosis)
    - Hyperdynamic
    - Strong
    - Forceful
    - Displaced
    - Non sustained
  3. Pressure Overload (AS, LVH, HPT)
    - Heaving
    - Forceful
    - Localized
    - Sustained
30
Q

Points for auscultation

A

L 5th ICS: Mitral valve

LLSE (4th ICS): Tricuspid valve

L 2nd ICS: Pulmonary valve

R 2nd ICS: Aortic valve

31
Q

Investigations in cardiology

A
  1. ECG
  2. Cardiac Biomarkers
  3. Cardiac Imaging
  4. Stress Test
  5. Invasive Study
32
Q

ECG can be used to detect: @ ECG Indication

A
  1. Arrythmia
  2. Acute Coronary Syndrome
  3. Clue about heart structural abnormality
33
Q

Cardiac biomarkers

A
  1. Cardiac enzymes: Trop I, CK-MB, LDH, AST
  2. Natriuretic peptides: Pro-BNP, NT Pro-BNP
34
Q

Elevated cardiac enzymes indicates:

A

Myocardial damage

35
Q

Elevated natriuretic peptides indicate:

A

Heart failure

36
Q

Modalities of cardiac imaging

A
  1. Echocardiography (Transthoracic/ Transesophageal)
  2. CTA Coronary
  3. Cardiac MRI
  4. Cardiac Nuclear Scan
37
Q

What can echocardiography assess

A
  1. Structural abnormality
  2. Severity of valvular heart disease
  3. Cardiac function
  4. Hemodynamic of the heart
38
Q

What can CTA Coronary assess

A
  1. Coronary artery anatomy for: Aneurysm, dissection..
  2. Coronary artery patency for: Stenosed/ Not stenosed
39
Q

What can MRI cardiac assess

A
  1. Cardiac anatomy
  2. Myocardial tissue characterization : MRI T1, MRI T2
  3. Myocardial tissue perfusion
40
Q

Purpose of stress test

A
  1. Evaluate cardiac function during exertion
  2. To screen for
    - coronary artery disease
    - exercise induced arrythmia
41
Q

Modalities of stress test

A
  1. Exercise stress test
  2. Cardiac MRI stress test
  3. Exercise stress echocardiography
  4. Dobutamine stress echocardiography
42
Q

Invasive cardiac investigation example

A
  1. Coronary angiography
  2. Cardiac electrophysiological study

Medical Junior (29 decks)

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