Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Veterinary Science > Principals Of Disease > Flashcards

Principals Of Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Plieomorphism

A

Different sized cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Paraneoplasia

A

Systemic manifestation of neoplasia not related to local or metastatic growth effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell injury

A

Any change that reduces the ability to maintain normal or adapted homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Free radicals

A

Substances with unpaired electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply to an organ or tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oncosis

A

Swelling of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pyknosis

A

Condensation of chromatin in the cell nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution of a cell nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Necrosis

A

Lethal cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Pale, often haemorrhagic, firm dead tissue. Cells are still visible histologically as shadows of their former selves. Usually acute injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Liquified tissue after rapid autolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Cheese like tissue. Associated with chronic bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Exothetic

A

Growing outward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endothetic

A

Growing inward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchyme (spindle cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (clumpy cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Adenoma

A

Neoplasm of glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DIC

A

Disseminate intravascular coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Haematogenous

A

Spread through blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transceolomic spread

A

Spread of mets in body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

Different sizes of nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Scirrhous response

A

Excessive connective tissue (scarring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Aplasia

A

Failure of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Congenital

A

An abnormality of structure of function present at birth, but not necessarily detected at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tumour

A

An abnormal mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neoplasm

A

New abnormal uncontrolled growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cancer

A

Any malignant cellular tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size and number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number. Can be physiological or pathological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one cell type with another.
Eg epithelium: conversion to stratified squamous
Mesenchyme: fibrous tissue to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Dyplasia

A

Proliferation of disorganised epithelial cells. Often a consequence of prolonged hyperplastic change and are verging on uncontrolled. This is therefore a pre-neoplastic change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Aplasia

A

Complete failure of an organ to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Organ developed but did not reach normal size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Benign

A

Not malignant. Tend to be solitary, slow growing, well circumscribed, rounded mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Malignant

A

Tending to become progressively worse, leading to death. Tend to have in distinct borders, ulcerated, necrotising, and fast growth. Cells are anaplastic, plieomorphic and have high numbers of mitotic bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Metastasis (pl; metastases)

A

The transfer of disease from one site in the body to another unconnected part. Can transfer through lymphatics, vessels or in body cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Stroma

A

Proliferation of supporting tissue in a tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Produce proteins that control normal cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Tumour suppressor genes

A

Products of these genes suppress cell division (opposite of proto-oncogenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Oncogene

A

Mutated cell that promotes uncontrolled cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Carcinogen

A

Agent capable of inducing mutation. May be; chemical, physical, and biological

45
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Growth of blood supply

46
Q

Papilloma

A

Epithelial neoplasm growing outward on a peduncle

47
Q

TOO gland

A

B: adenoma
M: adenocarcinoma

48
Q

TOO squamous epithelium

A

B: papilloma
M: squamous cell carcinoma

49
Q

TOO Basal cell of epidermis

A

B: basal cell epithelioma
M: basal cell carcinoma

50
Q

TOO

fibroblast

A

B: fibroma
M: fibrosarcoma

51
Q

TOO

blood vessel epithelium

A

B: haemangioma
M: haemangiosarcoma

52
Q

TOO

bone (osteoblasts)

A

B: osteoma
M: osteosarcoma

53
Q

TOO

blood vessel pericyte

A

M: haemangio-percytoma

54
Q

Atrophy

A

Wastage of tissue (decreased cell size)

55
Q

Cachexia

A

Wasting of body

56
Q

TOO

lymph node

A

B: lymphoma
M: lymphosarcoma

57
Q

Cytology

A

Microscopic examination of a stained smear of cells taken from a mass. Cheap and quick, great for cell features but cannot classify a neoplasm

58
Q

Histopathology

A

Examination of a stained section taken from a biopsy of a mass. Allows margins to be examined, preserves tissue structure so can be used to classify neoplasms

59
Q

Grading (neoplasm)

A

Measuring the features of a neoplasm which are presumed to predict it’s behaviour

60
Q

Staging (neoplasms)

A

Measuring the behaviour of a neoplasm

61
Q

Aetiology

A

Cause of disease

62
Q

Inflammation

A

The reaction of vascularised living tissue to local injury. Is given the suffix “-itis”

63
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat, swelling, redness, pain and impaired function

64
Q

Host defence/immunity

A

The capacity of an organism to resist and respond to disease causing agent

65
Q

Host response

A

Part if the host defence/immunity that includes important mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity

66
Q

Innate immunity

A

Mechanisms that are primarily inherited and not dependant on exposure to specific antigens, but rather to foreignness. Fast but non specific

67
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific foreign antigen defence system

68
Q

Peracute

A

Rapid response. Includes heamodynamic and permeability changes

69
Q

TLR

A

Toll like receptors. Recognise conserved molecules on the surface of pathogens and alert the host to the invasion

70
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns. Molecules on the surface of pathogens that are recognised by TLRs. These molecules are similar throughout pathogens.

71
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes which cause pain and vasodilation in inflammation. Eg COX and LTB4

72
Q

Vasoactive amines

A

Stored in the granules of tissue mast cells, basophils and platelets. Have a role in vascular permeability and control of smooth muscle cells. Eg Histamine

73
Q

Tachykinins

A

Vasoactive neuro peptides released from peripheral and central nerves in response to stimuli. Stimulate pain, vasodilation and permeability.

74
Q

Clotting cascade

A

Formation of fibrin from fibrinogen after exposure of collagen, basement membrane or activated platelets. Also produces thrombin. Forms a fibrin clot to trap pathogens

75
Q

Kinin cascade

A

Initiated by factor 11a to produce bradykinin which induces pain, vasodilation and vascular permeability. Also produces plasmin which lyses fibrin, balancing the clotting cascade, and activates the complement cascade

76
Q

Complement cascade

A

Complex cascade that produces, amongst other products, the membrane attack complex, anaphylotoxins, and pathogen opsonisors

77
Q

Hyperaemia

A

Increased blood in an area

78
Q

Transudate

A

Low protien ultrafiltrate of the blood. Consists of water, small protiens and dissolved electrolytes.

79
Q

Exudate

A

Extra vascular fluid with high content of protiens cellular debris and leucocytes

80
Q

Modified transudate

A

Middle ground between transudate and exudate

81
Q

Opsonisation

A

Process by which opsonins make pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis

82
Q

Chemostaxsis

A

Movement of an organism, or cell, to respond to a chemical stimulus. Eg neutrophils responding to infection

83
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of blood cells through intact walls of capillaries

84
Q

Infiltrate

A

Cellular phase of exudate

85
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Branch of adaptive mediated by antibodies

86
Q

Interleukin

A

Group of cytokines that mediate communication between cells

87
Q

Mast cells

A

Granulocyte of tissues that release histamine other allergic responses

88
Q

Ig immunoglobulin

A

Antibodies. Y shaped molecule produced by plasma cells to identify and neutralise foreign objects

89
Q

Interferon gamma IFN

A

Protein that inhibit viral infection and stimulate the entire immune system

90
Q

Sentinel cells

A

Cells within tissues that recognise threats. Mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells are examples

91
Q

Oncosis

A

Swelling of cells

92
Q

Malacia

A

Soft to touch

93
Q

Autolysis

A

Self digestion of a cell after death

94
Q

Congestion

A

Excess blood in vessels of a tissue as a result of diminished venous outflow

95
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Circulatory congestion caused by hearts inability to pump blood adequately

96
Q

Hyperaemia

A

Excess blood in vessels of a tissue due to active arteriolar mediated engorgement of the vascular bed

97
Q

Ischemia

A

Local reduction of blood supply to a tissue due to obstruction of inflow of arterial blood or vasoconstriction

98
Q

Shock

A

A complex syndrome where blood supply to tissues becomes inadequate

99
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot formed in vessels during life

100
Q

Embolus

A

Matter in the blood stream

101
Q

Infarct

A

Localised necrosis due to inadequate blood flow

102
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Complex clotting disorder developed as a complication of disease where thromboemboli form in capillaries and venues in many tissues.

103
Q

Anasarca

A

Generalised oedema with fluid accumulation in serous cavities

104
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of oedematous fluid in peritoneal cavity

105
Q

Effusion

A

Accumulation of any fluid in a body cavity

106
Q

What causes post mortem changes to occur at a faster rate?

A
  1. High ambient temperature
  2. Animal’s body temperature high prior to death e.g. fever, convulsions
  3. Excessive fat or wool slows cooling of carcasse
107
Q

Petechiae

A

Multiple pin-head sized haemorrhages

108
Q

Ecchymoses

A

Multiple irregular haemorrhages, about 20mm across

109
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

110
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. heat
  2. swelling
  3. redness
  4. pain
  5. loss of function

Veterinary Science (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions