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Veterinary Science > Principals Of Disease > Flashcards

Principals Of Disease Flashcards

0
Q

Plieomorphism

A

Different sized cells

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1
Q

Paraneoplasia

A

Systemic manifestation of neoplasia not related to local or metastatic growth effects

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2
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of cell differentiation

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3
Q

Cell injury

A

Any change that reduces the ability to maintain normal or adapted homeostasis

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4
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of oxygen

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5
Q

Free radicals

A

Substances with unpaired electrons

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6
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply to an organ or tissue

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7
Q

Oncosis

A

Swelling of cells

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8
Q

Pyknosis

A

Condensation of chromatin in the cell nucleus

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9
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution of a cell nucleus

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

Lethal cell injury

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12
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Pale, often haemorrhagic, firm dead tissue. Cells are still visible histologically as shadows of their former selves. Usually acute injury

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13
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Liquified tissue after rapid autolysis

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14
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Cheese like tissue. Associated with chronic bacterial infection

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15
Q

Exothetic

A

Growing outward

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16
Q

Endothetic

A

Growing inward

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17
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchyme (spindle cell)

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18
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (clumpy cells)

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19
Q

Adenoma

A

Neoplasm of glandular tissue

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20
Q

DIC

A

Disseminate intravascular coagulation

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21
Q

Haematogenous

A

Spread through blood vessels

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22
Q

Transceolomic spread

A

Spread of mets in body cavity

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23
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

Different sizes of nucleus

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24
Q

Scirrhous response

A

Excessive connective tissue (scarring)

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25
Q

Aplasia

A

Failure of development

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26
Q

Congenital

A

An abnormality of structure of function present at birth, but not necessarily detected at birth

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27
Q

Tumour

A

An abnormal mass

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28
Q

Neoplasm

A

New abnormal uncontrolled growth

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29
Q

Cancer

A

Any malignant cellular tumour

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30
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased cell size

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31
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size and number

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32
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number. Can be physiological or pathological

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33
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one cell type with another.
Eg epithelium: conversion to stratified squamous
Mesenchyme: fibrous tissue to bone

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34
Q

Dyplasia

A

Proliferation of disorganised epithelial cells. Often a consequence of prolonged hyperplastic change and are verging on uncontrolled. This is therefore a pre-neoplastic change

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35
Q

Aplasia

A

Complete failure of an organ to develop

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36
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Organ developed but did not reach normal size

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37
Q

Benign

A

Not malignant. Tend to be solitary, slow growing, well circumscribed, rounded mass.

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38
Q

Malignant

A

Tending to become progressively worse, leading to death. Tend to have in distinct borders, ulcerated, necrotising, and fast growth. Cells are anaplastic, plieomorphic and have high numbers of mitotic bodies.

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39
Q

Metastasis (pl; metastases)

A

The transfer of disease from one site in the body to another unconnected part. Can transfer through lymphatics, vessels or in body cavities.

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40
Q

Stroma

A

Proliferation of supporting tissue in a tumour

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41
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Produce proteins that control normal cell division

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42
Q

Tumour suppressor genes

A

Products of these genes suppress cell division (opposite of proto-oncogenes)

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43
Q

Oncogene

A

Mutated cell that promotes uncontrolled cell division

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44
Q

Carcinogen

A

Agent capable of inducing mutation. May be; chemical, physical, and biological

45
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Growth of blood supply

46
Q

Papilloma

A

Epithelial neoplasm growing outward on a peduncle

47
Q

TOO gland

A

B: adenoma
M: adenocarcinoma

48
Q

TOO squamous epithelium

A

B: papilloma
M: squamous cell carcinoma

49
Q

TOO Basal cell of epidermis

A

B: basal cell epithelioma
M: basal cell carcinoma

50
Q

TOO

fibroblast

A

B: fibroma
M: fibrosarcoma

51
Q

TOO

blood vessel epithelium

A

B: haemangioma
M: haemangiosarcoma

52
Q

TOO

bone (osteoblasts)

A

B: osteoma
M: osteosarcoma

53
Q

TOO

blood vessel pericyte

A

M: haemangio-percytoma

54
Q

Atrophy

A

Wastage of tissue (decreased cell size)

55
Q

Cachexia

A

Wasting of body

56
Q

TOO

lymph node

A

B: lymphoma
M: lymphosarcoma

57
Q

Cytology

A

Microscopic examination of a stained smear of cells taken from a mass. Cheap and quick, great for cell features but cannot classify a neoplasm

58
Q

Histopathology

A

Examination of a stained section taken from a biopsy of a mass. Allows margins to be examined, preserves tissue structure so can be used to classify neoplasms

59
Q

Grading (neoplasm)

A

Measuring the features of a neoplasm which are presumed to predict it’s behaviour

60
Q

Staging (neoplasms)

A

Measuring the behaviour of a neoplasm

61
Q

Aetiology

A

Cause of disease

62
Q

Inflammation

A

The reaction of vascularised living tissue to local injury. Is given the suffix “-itis”

63
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat, swelling, redness, pain and impaired function

64
Q

Host defence/immunity

A

The capacity of an organism to resist and respond to disease causing agent

65
Q

Host response

A

Part if the host defence/immunity that includes important mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity

66
Q

Innate immunity

A

Mechanisms that are primarily inherited and not dependant on exposure to specific antigens, but rather to foreignness. Fast but non specific

67
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific foreign antigen defence system

68
Q

Peracute

A

Rapid response. Includes heamodynamic and permeability changes

69
Q

TLR

A

Toll like receptors. Recognise conserved molecules on the surface of pathogens and alert the host to the invasion

70
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns. Molecules on the surface of pathogens that are recognised by TLRs. These molecules are similar throughout pathogens.

71
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes which cause pain and vasodilation in inflammation. Eg COX and LTB4

72
Q

Vasoactive amines

A

Stored in the granules of tissue mast cells, basophils and platelets. Have a role in vascular permeability and control of smooth muscle cells. Eg Histamine

73
Q

Tachykinins

A

Vasoactive neuro peptides released from peripheral and central nerves in response to stimuli. Stimulate pain, vasodilation and permeability.

74
Q

Clotting cascade

A

Formation of fibrin from fibrinogen after exposure of collagen, basement membrane or activated platelets. Also produces thrombin. Forms a fibrin clot to trap pathogens

75
Q

Kinin cascade

A

Initiated by factor 11a to produce bradykinin which induces pain, vasodilation and vascular permeability. Also produces plasmin which lyses fibrin, balancing the clotting cascade, and activates the complement cascade

76
Q

Complement cascade

A

Complex cascade that produces, amongst other products, the membrane attack complex, anaphylotoxins, and pathogen opsonisors

77
Q

Hyperaemia

A

Increased blood in an area

78
Q

Transudate

A

Low protien ultrafiltrate of the blood. Consists of water, small protiens and dissolved electrolytes.

79
Q

Exudate

A

Extra vascular fluid with high content of protiens cellular debris and leucocytes

80
Q

Modified transudate

A

Middle ground between transudate and exudate

81
Q

Opsonisation

A

Process by which opsonins make pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis

82
Q

Chemostaxsis

A

Movement of an organism, or cell, to respond to a chemical stimulus. Eg neutrophils responding to infection

83
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of blood cells through intact walls of capillaries

84
Q

Infiltrate

A

Cellular phase of exudate

85
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Branch of adaptive mediated by antibodies

86
Q

Interleukin

A

Group of cytokines that mediate communication between cells

87
Q

Mast cells

A

Granulocyte of tissues that release histamine other allergic responses

88
Q

Ig immunoglobulin

A

Antibodies. Y shaped molecule produced by plasma cells to identify and neutralise foreign objects

89
Q

Interferon gamma IFN

A

Protein that inhibit viral infection and stimulate the entire immune system

90
Q

Sentinel cells

A

Cells within tissues that recognise threats. Mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells are examples

91
Q

Oncosis

A

Swelling of cells

92
Q

Malacia

A

Soft to touch

93
Q

Autolysis

A

Self digestion of a cell after death

94
Q

Congestion

A

Excess blood in vessels of a tissue as a result of diminished venous outflow

95
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Circulatory congestion caused by hearts inability to pump blood adequately

96
Q

Hyperaemia

A

Excess blood in vessels of a tissue due to active arteriolar mediated engorgement of the vascular bed

97
Q

Ischemia

A

Local reduction of blood supply to a tissue due to obstruction of inflow of arterial blood or vasoconstriction

98
Q

Shock

A

A complex syndrome where blood supply to tissues becomes inadequate

99
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot formed in vessels during life

100
Q

Embolus

A

Matter in the blood stream

101
Q

Infarct

A

Localised necrosis due to inadequate blood flow

102
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Complex clotting disorder developed as a complication of disease where thromboemboli form in capillaries and venues in many tissues.

103
Q

Anasarca

A

Generalised oedema with fluid accumulation in serous cavities

104
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of oedematous fluid in peritoneal cavity

105
Q

Effusion

A

Accumulation of any fluid in a body cavity

106
Q

What causes post mortem changes to occur at a faster rate?

A
  1. High ambient temperature
  2. Animal’s body temperature high prior to death e.g. fever, convulsions
  3. Excessive fat or wool slows cooling of carcasse
107
Q

Petechiae

A

Multiple pin-head sized haemorrhages

108
Q

Ecchymoses

A

Multiple irregular haemorrhages, about 20mm across

109
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

110
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. heat
  2. swelling
  3. redness
  4. pain
  5. loss of function

Veterinary Science (1 decks)

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