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Chemistry > Principals of Chemistry > Flashcards

Principals of Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of solids

A
  • fixed shapes/volumes
  • vibrate/ little movement of particles
  • tightly packed
  • less kinetic energy
  • not compressible
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2
Q

What are the properties of liquids

A
  • loose shape/ fixed volume
  • vibrate stronger/ more movement
  • loosely packed
  • more kinetic energy
  • slightly compressible
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3
Q

What are the properties of gases

A
  • no fixed shape/ volume
  • vibrate a lot/ move around much more
  • particles are independent
  • more kinetic energy
  • highly compressible
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4
Q

structure of a solid

A
  • arranged in perfect rows
  • every particle is joined
  • can vibrate but not move
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5
Q

structure of a liquid

A
  • arranged irregularly
  • some particles touch while other don’t
  • particles move/slide past each other in random directions
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6
Q

structure of a gas

A
  • gases have no arrangement
  • no particles are joined
  • they move around and collide but do not stay together
  • move in random directions
  • they are free
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7
Q

solid–>liquid

A

melting

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8
Q

solid–>gas

A

sublimation

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9
Q

liquid–>solid

A

freezing

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10
Q

liquid–>gas

A

evaporation/boiling

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11
Q

gas–>liquid

A

condensation

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12
Q

gas–>solid

A

deposition

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13
Q

what is the kinetic theory?

A

gases increase in temperature
– they gain kinetic energy and move faster
gases increase in pressure
– they loose space and therefore move less

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14
Q

what happens when a solid melts

A

particles gain kinetic energy, vibrate faster, their bonds between the particles weakens, snd so they have more energy to break free of the bonds

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15
Q

what happens when liquid evaporates

A

particles will gain more kinetic energy, making particles move around more, weakening their bonds until the boiling point, where they break freely of any bond

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16
Q

what happens when a liquid freezes

A

the particles will not have enough energy, so more bonds begin to form, fixing the particles in place

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17
Q

what is diffusion

A

the net movement of particles form an area of their high concentration, to an area of their low concentration until it is evenly spread

18
Q

elements

A

are pure and made up of only 1 type of atom (periodic table)

19
Q

compounds

A

are made of two or more elements chemically bonded

20
Q

mixtures

A

are two or more substances that are not chemically bonded

21
Q

properties of metals

A
  • electrical and thermal conductors
  • malleable
  • ductile
  • high melting/ boiling points
22
Q

properties of non-metals

A
  • electrical and thermal insulators
  • brittle
  • low melting/ boiling points
23
Q

equiptments

A

time = stopwatch
temp = thermometer
mass = balance
volume = measuring cylinder/ burette/ pipette

24
Q

filtration

A

separation of insoluble solids and a solvent

25
Q

method for filtration

A
  • set up the materials (filter paper, funnel, conical flask)
  • add solution in the set up
  • wait for the mixture to separate (the residue will remain in the funnel but the filtrate will drop to the conical flask)
  • leave the residue to dry
26
Q

evaporation/ crystallization

A

separation of the solvent and the soluble solid/solvent

27
Q

method for evaporation/ crystallization

A
  • set up the materials (evaporating basin, bunsen burner, heat proof mat, gauze, stand)
  • put the mixture in the evaporating basin
  • heat the mixture until 2/3 of the water is gone and crystals form
  • leave it in a warm place until the saturated solution crystallizes
28
Q

distillation

A

separation of a solute and a solvent, from a mixture or separation of 2 different liquids with different boiling points

29
Q

methods for distillation

A
  • mixture is put into a flask
  • the mixture is heated and forms steam
  • the steam gets in the condenser
  • cold water from outside the condenser cools down the steam
  • the steam condenses to its pure form of water
  • water runs down the beaker
30
Q

solvent

A

substance that dissolves a solute (liquid or gas)

31
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved in a solvent (solid)

32
Q

solution

A

mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

33
Q

saturated solution

A

a solution containing the max concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at specific temperatures

34
Q

residue

A

the substance that remains after purification methods

35
Q

filtrate

A

the liquid or solution that has passed through a filter

36
Q

how to test the purity of substances

A

use their melting points, they will have sharp and definite melting points

37
Q

chromatography

A

is used to separate mixtures of soluble colored substances (inks) from water

38
Q

how to compare unknown substances

A

by comparing the color and placement of the dots (shapes in diagrams)

39
Q

how to compare pure and impure

A

by seeing which have 2 or more substances and which one have 1

40
Q

why do we use the Rf value

A

to identify unknown substances.

41
Q

Rf value =

A

total distance travelled by the substance/ total distance travelled by the solvent

Chemistry (4 decks)

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