Principal Word-Formation Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is affixation?

A

Coining a word by adding a word-formation element (derivational affix) to
a word-formation (derivational) base.
prefixation:
w-f element (prefix) + w-f base
suffixation:
w-f base + w-f element (suffix)
infixation (compounding?):
w-f base + infix + w-f base

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2
Q

Classify prefixation according to denotation

A

negative:
immoral vs. amoral
anti-, counter-, de-, dis-, in-, non-, un-, il-, ir-, im-, a-
pejorative:
pseudodemocracy
mal-, mis-, pseudo-
of time or order:
foreground vs. background ex-, fore-, back-, post-, pre-
of relation:
antidemocratic
pro-, anti-
of sameness or difference:
homogenious vs. heterogenious
homo- vs. hetero-
of accompanying or joining:
co-operation co-
of number:
monolingual vs. bilingual
bi-, giga-, mono-, multi-, poly-, uni-
of making or getting into st.:
empower
en/-em-
of size:
gigantic vs. (gigabyte) mini-, hyper-, super-, giga
of location/pposition or degree:
subway vs. underground
inter-, over-, semi-, sub-, under-
semiaffixes - correlate with function words

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3
Q

What types of suffixation as part of speech formation do we know?

A

Nominal:
bakery, agreement
-age, -ance, -dom, -er, -eer, -ery, -ess, -hood, -ion, -ism, -ness, -th, -ing
Verbal:
criminalise, simplify
-ate, -ify, ise/-ize, -en
Adjectival:
historic vs. historical
-able, -ible, -al, -ant, -ful, -ic, -atic, -isch, -ive, -less, -like, -ous, -en, -ing, -ly
Adverb:
lateward, eagerly, (friendly)
-fold, -ward, -wards, -wise, -ways, -ly

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4
Q

What are polysemantic suffixes?

A
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5
Q

Classify suffixation according to thematic sense (denotation)

A

agent forming teacher
-or, -er, -ist, -ant
appurtenance forming
-an, -ese, -ian
collectivity and status forming
-dom, -ery, -age, -ship
diminutive forming
-let, -ling, -y/ie

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6
Q

Classify suffixation according to lexico-grammatical status - Denominal (a noun is the w-f base)

A

(noun + suffix => new word: boy + ish => boyish)
noun + ful (adj) = mouthful
noun + less (adj) = handless
noun + ish (adj) = boyish
noun + some (adj) = troublesome

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7
Q

Classify suffixation according to lexico-grammatical status - Deverbal (a verb is the w-f base)

A

(verb + suffix => new word: read + able => readable)
verb + -able (adjective) = readable
verb = ment (noun) = government
verb + er (noun) = dancer

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8
Q

Classify suffixation according to lexico-grammatical status - Deadjectival (an adjective is the w-f base)

A

(adjective + suffix => new word: kind + ness => kindness)
adj + ish (adj) = reddish
adj + ness (noun) = kindness
adj + ly (adverb) = kindly
adjective + en (verb) = blacken

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9
Q

What types of conversion do we know?

A

Full and partial

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10
Q

Describe full conversion

A

Coining a new word through a change of its paradigm by means of zero derivation; derivation using only zero

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11
Q

Describe deverbal nouns

A

the instance of the action (to) jump + zero nominal suffix => (a) jump(0)
verb → the agent of the action (help V – help N)
verb → the place of the action (walk V – walk N)
verb → the object of result of the action (peel V – peel N)

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12
Q

Describe denominal verbs

A

butcher N = an action characteristic of the object = butcher V
screw N = an instrumental use of the object = screw V
fish N = acquisition or addition of the object = fish V
dust N = deprivation of the object = dust V

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13
Q

Describe denominal adjectives and nouns formed from phrasal verbs

A

noun = the feature of the object
e.g. town N = town A or school N = school A

nouns from phr.v.
make up V = make-up N
come back V = comeback N

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14
Q

Describe partial conversion

A

[swim V → (a) swim N] => auxiliary have + (a) swim N = have a swim]

swim → have a swim
walk → take a walk
laugh → give a laugh

swim V → [have V + a swim N] V

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15
Q

What is compunding? What structure do they have?

A

Coining a new word through putting together two word-formation bases
Simple
work+shop → workshop
Derivational
lady+(kill+er) → lady-killer
Compounded
air+(craft+man) / (air+craft)+man → aircraftman

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16
Q

Describe spelling connection of compound bases

A

open form → solid form
flower pot flower-pot flowerpot

flower pot vs. flower pot

Compounds vs. collocations (black board vs. black board; stress) Citation compounds (e.g. lily-of-the-valley)
Infixation (e.g. sportsman)

17
Q

What is syntactic relationship between compound constituents?

A

Coordinative compounds
deaf-mute, yellow-green

Subordinative compounds
syntactic (Germanic):
greenhouse (determining component – determined component)
asyntactic (French):
secretary-general (determined comp. – determining comp.)

18
Q

What are semantics of compounds and their degree of motivation?

A

Exocentric (the semantic head is outsite the compound)
forget-me-not (verb+pronoun+particle;
forget-me-not is a process of not forgetting sb.)
spoilsport

Endocentric (the semantic head is inside the compound)
bookshop (noun+noun;
bookshop is a kind of shop in which books are sold)
Anglo-Saxon

19
Q

Categorize compounds according to parts of speech

A

nominal (the compound is a noun)
noun + noun toothache
verb + noun playboy
adjective + noun blackboard
preposition + noun afterlife

verbal (compound is a verb)
verb + ver blow-dry
noun + verb baby-sit
adjective + verb highlight

adjectival/participial (compound is adj./participial)
adjective+adjective/participle easy-going
noun+adjective sugar-free
verb+adjective soaking wet
adverb/prepos.+adjective/participle everlasting/underdeveloped

adverbial sometimes
prononimal anyone
prepositional into
conjunctional whenever