Principal's Contractual Liability to 3rd Parties

Question 1

When is a principal liable on a K to 3rd parties

Answer 1

(1) when the agent acts with actual authority (express or implied)

(2) Ratification of agent’s authority

(3) When principal is undisclosed at time of K but after the transaction the 3rd party learns of identity

(4) Apparent authority

Question 2

What is the Implied Warranty of Authority

Answer 2

If Principal is bound to a third party on the basis of Agent’s apparent authority, Agent is not liable to the third party on the agent’s implied warranty of authority, although the agent acted without actual authority