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Extra PsychGRE > PrincetonPractice1 > Flashcards

PrincetonPractice1 Flashcards

1
Q

A child in Piaget’s preoperational stage is given a toy and attempts to eat it. This child is demonstrating

A

ASSIMILATION

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2
Q

Deutch used the “prisoner’s dilemna” to study which social phenomenon?

A

Cooperation vs. Competition

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3
Q

Two major dimensions of personality hypothesized by Hans Eysenck are

A

Stability and Introversion

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4
Q

According to Erik Erikson, a young adult would be most concerned with which issues?

A

Autonomy

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5
Q

Hazel has experienced feelings of worthlessness, low energy and a loss of interest in life for most days of the past 3 years. She would most likely be diagnosed with what?

A

Dysthymic Disorder

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6
Q

The strange situation is used in order to study

A

INFANT ATTACHMENT

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7
Q

Which activity best serves to hold information in short term memory?

A

REHEARSING

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8
Q

Which researcher is most associated with androgyny?

A

SANDRA BEM

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9
Q

social comparison theory has been used as an argument against

A

Mainstreaming in schools

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10
Q

Which phenomena is minimized by group monitoring?

A

Social Loafing

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11
Q

Which method is most commonly used to study selective attention?

A

shadowing in a dichotic listening task

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12
Q

Bottom-up information processing is best described as

A

Data driven

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13
Q

What is the key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A

Operant condition emphasises the consequences of behaviour, whereas classical conditioning emphasises the association between stimuli.

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14
Q

Explain maintenance rehearsal

A

Maintenance rehearsal keeps material in short-term memory

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15
Q

In many jury trials, defence lawyers use the strategy of blaming the victim, so that the accused perpetrator might be set free. People’s tendency to go along with victim blaming can be explained by _

A

The Just World Bias

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16
Q

define “morpheme”

A

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).

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17
Q

According to Piaget, an individual in which stage might demonstrate circular reactions?

A

Sensorimotor

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18
Q

The theory that a child steals candy because he is a thief is an example of a __

A

Cognitive Bias

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19
Q

A pigeon is placed in a “Skinner Box” which is outfitted with a key for pecking and a chute that delivers food. Through shaping, the experimenter plans to condition the bird to peck the key in order to obtain food. The experimenter will need to use ___

A

Differential Reinforcement

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20
Q

According to Craik and Lockhart, which of the following levels of processing would result in the highest recall of information?

A

Semantic

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21
Q

Define Signal Detection Theory

A

Detection theory or signal detection theory is a means to quantify the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns (called stimulus in humans, signal in machines) and random patterns that distract from the information

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22
Q

According to Kohlberg, an individual in a stage of conventional morality would be most concerned with ____

A

Gaining Approval

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23
Q

Kenneth and Mamie Clark’s doll preference studies were used ___

A

as evidence in the Brown v. The Board of Education trial

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24
Q

To motivate himself to study, a student decides that after learning a chapter of material he will treat himself to a movie. In this situation, seeing a movie is acting as a reinforcement for studying. The situation demonstrates _____

A

The Premack Principle

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25
Q

An experimenter wants to train a dg to bark at a red light. The dog naturally barks at a mouse. For countless trials, the experimenter presents the mouse and then a red light. The dog never learns to bark at the red light because _____

A

They are presented in the wrong order

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26
Q

According to Roger Brown, children refine the way they apply grammatical rules through

A

experiences and self correction

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27
Q

According to Freud’s developmental theory, a child who is particularly frustrated during a stage of development is likely to experience _____

A

FIXATION

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28
Q

What explains why cartoons are not perceived as a series of still frames?

A

The Phi Phenomenon

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29
Q

A therapist listens to the choices of his client with unconditional positive regard. The goal of this therapy is likely to be _____

A

Congruence for the self

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30
Q

Erikson’s developmental theory centred around _____

A

psychosocial crises

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31
Q

What is NOT a maladaptive cognition according to cognitive therapy?

A

Denying

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32
Q

The part of the brain that is connected to the very basic function of simple alertness is the ______

A

RETICULAR FORMATION

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33
Q

What is the modern name for hysteria?

A

CONVERSION DISORDER

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34
Q

Define Overjustification

A

The over justification effect occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

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35
Q

Who was most inclined towards a situational view of personality?

A

Walter Mischel

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36
Q

The APA was founded by

A

Stanley Hall

37
Q

Prozac, which is frequently used to treat depression, works because it is a ______

A

SERATONIN AGONIST

38
Q

Weber’s law applies to a specific range intensifies in _____

A

all of the senses

39
Q

While swimming in the ocean, a woman was stung by several jellyfish. Now the woman refuses to swim at all, even at an indoor pool. Her new fear of swimming can be attributed to ______

A

Classical Conditioning

40
Q

An individual sternly gives orders in his own home and obediently follows orders at work. This person might score particularly highly on ______

A

F-Scale

41
Q

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to

A

attribute the behaviours of others to disposition

42
Q

What therapy would be most appropriate for an individual who suffered from strong feelings of meaninglessness, and who hoped to find more meaning in life?

A

Existential therapy

43
Q

Which of the following theorists has been recognised for creating a developmental theory that covers the entire lifespan?

A

Erik Erikson

44
Q

In research on social learning theory, Bandura conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment. Based on this experiment, what did Bandura conclude was important to social learning in children?

A

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

45
Q

Watson would expect what to most influence child behaviour development?

A

IMITATION

46
Q

Which is true of the ossicles in the auditory system?

A

The stapes taps against the oval window.

47
Q

What types of test is used for cued recall?

A

FILL IN THE BLANK TEST

48
Q

The idea that people will alter their actions or beliefs so that their actions and beliefs are in agreement with one another is the theory of …

A

Cognitive Dissonance

49
Q

Who argued that Kohlberg’s moral states were not directly applicable to females?

A

Carol Gilligan

50
Q

define door-in-the-face

A

The door-in-the-face (DITF) technique is a compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader’s face.

51
Q

What is the path of a received “message” through a single neuron?

A

post synaptic cell > cell body > axon > terminal buttons

52
Q

Behaviour theory would be most useful in treating _____

A

A CHILDHOOD DISORDER

53
Q

The Whorfian hypothesis posits that

A

a culture’s language structure influences how the speakers perceive reality

54
Q

According to Schachter and Singer, an emotional response would involve which factors in order of appearance?

A

physiological reaction > cognition > emotion

55
Q

which classical experiment indicated that behavioural traits could be at leat partly determined by heredity?

A

Tyron’s experiment with maze-bright and maze-dull rats

56
Q

Which tests include items that discriminate between groups but that seem lacking in face validity?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

57
Q

A binocular cue used in depth perception is

A

DISPARITY

58
Q

Which group of theorists offer stage models of development?

A

Piaget, Freud & Erikson

59
Q

Which areas in the brain is the “master” of the endocrine system?

A

PITUITARY GLAND

60
Q

According to Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve, whcih pattern of forgetting is likely to take place after learning new material?

A

Forgetting happens rapidly at first and then gradually

61
Q

Andrea does not like to go to parties because she knows how people will conduct themselves. She has likely developed what about parties?

A

A SCRIPT

62
Q

What is a result of diffusion of responsibility?

A

Tendency for individuals in a large group not to help others

63
Q

Martin Seligman maintains that cognitive training can offset _____

A

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

64
Q

What factor has the greatest influence on interpersonal attraction?

A

PROXIMITY

65
Q

According to Collins and Quillian, individuals decide on the relationship between words by assessing the _____

A

word’s respective locations in semantic hierarchies

66
Q

The idea that over-benefited people tend to feel guilty is explained through ______

A

EQUITY THEORY

67
Q

An individual with Wernicke’s aphasia would have difficulty

A

creating a logical sentence

68
Q

Learned helplessness is associated with

A

an external locus of control

69
Q

define Reaction Formation

A

Reaction formation is a kind of psychological defense mechanism in which a person perceives their true feelings or desires to be socially, or in some cases, legally unacceptable, and so they attempt to convince themselves or others that the opposite is true, often in a very exaggerated performance.

70
Q

Bartlett found that memory is largely _____

A

RECONSTRUCTIVE

71
Q

Which figure is known for developing field theory?

A

Lewin

72
Q

Group polarisation is the tendency

A

for a group to feel strongly about the dominant viewpoint

73
Q

Edward Tolamn’s theory of motivation postulated that _____

A

Performance = expectancy x value

74
Q

Billy is a 2 year old: He is most likely bothered by

A

separation anxiety and trust anxiety

75
Q

According to Horner, a woman might chose not to work because of

A

fear of success

76
Q

what most effectively lessens group conflict?

A

A superordinate goal

77
Q

define animus

A

hostility or ill feeling

78
Q

the vestibular sacs in the inner ear are essential for

A

physical balance

79
Q

The Bayley scale for infant development does what?

A

help to identify mentally retarded infants

80
Q

Who introduced the logical theorist, the first computer model of human problem solving?

A

Newell & Simon

81
Q

Diana Baumrind found that which parenting style produces the most well-adjusted children?

A

Authoritative

82
Q

Activity in which system is analysed by lie detector tests?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

83
Q

If during a chess game a player were to write down all of the possible moves she could make, this set of moves would be an example of

A

A PROBLEM SPACE

84
Q

An individual is likely to display the most stereotypical sex-typed behaviour during which period?

A

YOUNG ADULTHOOD

85
Q

What is associated with Jung’s analytical therapy?

A

Dream Analysis

86
Q

How pioneered the concept of the inferiority complex?

A

Adler

87
Q

In his revised psychoanalytic theory, Freud named what as the central source of conflict?

A

EROS AND THANOS

88
Q

Which personality characteristic has been most closely linked to heart disease?

A

Competitiveness

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