PrincetonPractice1 Flashcards
A child in Piaget’s preoperational stage is given a toy and attempts to eat it. This child is demonstrating
ASSIMILATION
Deutch used the “prisoner’s dilemna” to study which social phenomenon?
Cooperation vs. Competition
Two major dimensions of personality hypothesized by Hans Eysenck are
Stability and Introversion
According to Erik Erikson, a young adult would be most concerned with which issues?
Autonomy
Hazel has experienced feelings of worthlessness, low energy and a loss of interest in life for most days of the past 3 years. She would most likely be diagnosed with what?
Dysthymic Disorder
The strange situation is used in order to study
INFANT ATTACHMENT
Which activity best serves to hold information in short term memory?
REHEARSING
Which researcher is most associated with androgyny?
SANDRA BEM
social comparison theory has been used as an argument against
Mainstreaming in schools
Which phenomena is minimized by group monitoring?
Social Loafing
Which method is most commonly used to study selective attention?
shadowing in a dichotic listening task
Bottom-up information processing is best described as
Data driven
What is the key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Operant condition emphasises the consequences of behaviour, whereas classical conditioning emphasises the association between stimuli.
Explain maintenance rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal keeps material in short-term memory
In many jury trials, defence lawyers use the strategy of blaming the victim, so that the accused perpetrator might be set free. People’s tendency to go along with victim blaming can be explained by _
The Just World Bias
define “morpheme”
a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).
According to Piaget, an individual in which stage might demonstrate circular reactions?
Sensorimotor
The theory that a child steals candy because he is a thief is an example of a __
Cognitive Bias
A pigeon is placed in a “Skinner Box” which is outfitted with a key for pecking and a chute that delivers food. Through shaping, the experimenter plans to condition the bird to peck the key in order to obtain food. The experimenter will need to use ___
Differential Reinforcement
According to Craik and Lockhart, which of the following levels of processing would result in the highest recall of information?
Semantic
Define Signal Detection Theory
Detection theory or signal detection theory is a means to quantify the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns (called stimulus in humans, signal in machines) and random patterns that distract from the information
According to Kohlberg, an individual in a stage of conventional morality would be most concerned with ____
Gaining Approval
Kenneth and Mamie Clark’s doll preference studies were used ___
as evidence in the Brown v. The Board of Education trial
To motivate himself to study, a student decides that after learning a chapter of material he will treat himself to a movie. In this situation, seeing a movie is acting as a reinforcement for studying. The situation demonstrates _____
The Premack Principle
An experimenter wants to train a dg to bark at a red light. The dog naturally barks at a mouse. For countless trials, the experimenter presents the mouse and then a red light. The dog never learns to bark at the red light because _____
They are presented in the wrong order
According to Roger Brown, children refine the way they apply grammatical rules through
experiences and self correction
According to Freud’s developmental theory, a child who is particularly frustrated during a stage of development is likely to experience _____
FIXATION
What explains why cartoons are not perceived as a series of still frames?
The Phi Phenomenon
A therapist listens to the choices of his client with unconditional positive regard. The goal of this therapy is likely to be _____
Congruence for the self
Erikson’s developmental theory centred around _____
psychosocial crises
What is NOT a maladaptive cognition according to cognitive therapy?
Denying
The part of the brain that is connected to the very basic function of simple alertness is the ______
RETICULAR FORMATION
What is the modern name for hysteria?
CONVERSION DISORDER
Define Overjustification
The over justification effect occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task.
Who was most inclined towards a situational view of personality?
Walter Mischel
The APA was founded by
Stanley Hall
Prozac, which is frequently used to treat depression, works because it is a ______
SERATONIN AGONIST
Weber’s law applies to a specific range intensifies in _____
all of the senses
While swimming in the ocean, a woman was stung by several jellyfish. Now the woman refuses to swim at all, even at an indoor pool. Her new fear of swimming can be attributed to ______
Classical Conditioning
An individual sternly gives orders in his own home and obediently follows orders at work. This person might score particularly highly on ______
F-Scale
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to
attribute the behaviours of others to disposition
What therapy would be most appropriate for an individual who suffered from strong feelings of meaninglessness, and who hoped to find more meaning in life?
Existential therapy
Which of the following theorists has been recognised for creating a developmental theory that covers the entire lifespan?
Erik Erikson
In research on social learning theory, Bandura conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment. Based on this experiment, what did Bandura conclude was important to social learning in children?
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Watson would expect what to most influence child behaviour development?
IMITATION
Which is true of the ossicles in the auditory system?
The stapes taps against the oval window.
What types of test is used for cued recall?
FILL IN THE BLANK TEST
The idea that people will alter their actions or beliefs so that their actions and beliefs are in agreement with one another is the theory of …
Cognitive Dissonance
Who argued that Kohlberg’s moral states were not directly applicable to females?
Carol Gilligan
define door-in-the-face
The door-in-the-face (DITF) technique is a compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader’s face.
What is the path of a received “message” through a single neuron?
post synaptic cell > cell body > axon > terminal buttons
Behaviour theory would be most useful in treating _____
A CHILDHOOD DISORDER
The Whorfian hypothesis posits that
a culture’s language structure influences how the speakers perceive reality
According to Schachter and Singer, an emotional response would involve which factors in order of appearance?
physiological reaction > cognition > emotion
which classical experiment indicated that behavioural traits could be at leat partly determined by heredity?
Tyron’s experiment with maze-bright and maze-dull rats
Which tests include items that discriminate between groups but that seem lacking in face validity?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A binocular cue used in depth perception is
DISPARITY
Which group of theorists offer stage models of development?
Piaget, Freud & Erikson
Which areas in the brain is the “master” of the endocrine system?
PITUITARY GLAND
According to Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve, whcih pattern of forgetting is likely to take place after learning new material?
Forgetting happens rapidly at first and then gradually
Andrea does not like to go to parties because she knows how people will conduct themselves. She has likely developed what about parties?
A SCRIPT
What is a result of diffusion of responsibility?
Tendency for individuals in a large group not to help others
Martin Seligman maintains that cognitive training can offset _____
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
What factor has the greatest influence on interpersonal attraction?
PROXIMITY
According to Collins and Quillian, individuals decide on the relationship between words by assessing the _____
word’s respective locations in semantic hierarchies
The idea that over-benefited people tend to feel guilty is explained through ______
EQUITY THEORY
An individual with Wernicke’s aphasia would have difficulty
creating a logical sentence
Learned helplessness is associated with
an external locus of control
define Reaction Formation
Reaction formation is a kind of psychological defense mechanism in which a person perceives their true feelings or desires to be socially, or in some cases, legally unacceptable, and so they attempt to convince themselves or others that the opposite is true, often in a very exaggerated performance.
Bartlett found that memory is largely _____
RECONSTRUCTIVE
Which figure is known for developing field theory?
Lewin
Group polarisation is the tendency
for a group to feel strongly about the dominant viewpoint
Edward Tolamn’s theory of motivation postulated that _____
Performance = expectancy x value
Billy is a 2 year old: He is most likely bothered by
separation anxiety and trust anxiety
According to Horner, a woman might chose not to work because of
fear of success
what most effectively lessens group conflict?
A superordinate goal
define animus
hostility or ill feeling
the vestibular sacs in the inner ear are essential for
physical balance
The Bayley scale for infant development does what?
help to identify mentally retarded infants
Who introduced the logical theorist, the first computer model of human problem solving?
Newell & Simon
Diana Baumrind found that which parenting style produces the most well-adjusted children?
Authoritative
Activity in which system is analysed by lie detector tests?
Sympathetic Nervous System
If during a chess game a player were to write down all of the possible moves she could make, this set of moves would be an example of
A PROBLEM SPACE
An individual is likely to display the most stereotypical sex-typed behaviour during which period?
YOUNG ADULTHOOD
What is associated with Jung’s analytical therapy?
Dream Analysis
How pioneered the concept of the inferiority complex?
Adler
In his revised psychoanalytic theory, Freud named what as the central source of conflict?
EROS AND THANOS
Which personality characteristic has been most closely linked to heart disease?
Competitiveness
