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MCAT Psychology > Princeton Review: Chapter 6 Personality, Motivation, Attitudes and Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Princeton Review: Chapter 6 Personality, Motivation, Attitudes and Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

The thoughts, feelings, and behavior associated with each person

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2
Q

There are five theories that describe what personality is, where it comes from, and how it should be viewed; what are these five theories?

A
  1. Psychoanalytical perspective
  2. Humanistic perspective
  3. Behaviorist perspective
  4. Social cognitive perspective
  5. Biological perspective
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3
Q

Of the five perspectives on personality which four are used in therapy to treat personality disorders?

A
  1. Psychoanaltyical
  2. Humanistic
  3. Social cognitive perspective
  4. Behaviorist perspective
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4
Q

What is the psychoanalytical perspective?

A

Theory that says that our personality is shaped by our unconscious thoughts, feeling, and memories which are derived from past experiences particulary interactions with primary early caregivers.

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5
Q

According to the pscyhoanalytical perspective the reason we behave in specific way comes from?

A

our vast unconscious thoughts, memories and feelings that lie below the surface which arise when we want them to and sometimes on accident (dreaming, tongue slip, posthypnotic suggestions and free associations).

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6
Q

What is greater our conscious state or unconscious state?

A

What a person is conscious of quite limited in comparison to the vast unconscious stores of memories, feeling, and needs.

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7
Q

Who developed the psychoanalytical perspective?

A

Sigmnund Freud

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8
Q

Within the pscyhoanaltyical perspective there are two instinctual drives of personality that guide our behavior what are they?

A
  1. Life instinct (LIBIDO)

2. Death instinct

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9
Q

What is the life instict (libido)?

A

This instinct drives behaviors that we are unconciously aware of, focused on surving, growing, avoiding pain, creativity, and pleasure.

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10
Q

What is the death instinct?

A

The instinct that drives aggressive behavior as our unconciousness aims for death, or hurting oneself or others.

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11
Q

Freud defined three states of conciousness in his IceBerg Model of Human Mind and Personality what are these three states and how are they distributed in his ice-berg model?

A

The tip of the iceberg is the conciousness signifying the small part of our mind and personalty that we are aware of.

The preconscious level which exists just below the conscious and the unconscious. These are thoughts that a person is unaware of but that can easily be brought back to the surface.

The unconscious level which is the majority of the ice berg that is not seen as it is underwater contains almost all of our thoughts, feeling and memories that are unaccessible.

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12
Q

According to Freud what is the primary source of behavior?

A

The unconscious mind

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13
Q

Freud used the three systems of consciousness to come up with a personaliy structure or psyche that determine our behavior; what are they?

A
  1. ID
  2. EGO
  3. SUPER EGO
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14
Q

What is the ID?

A

The ID is part of our personality that is based on the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE and allows us to meet our basic needs since it makes sure that we reduce tension, avoid pain and gain pleasure. This comes largely from our unconsciousness and it is the source of energy and instinct. It does not care about what is moral or justified and can’t distinguish mental images from external objects.
As young children we basically function entirely on our ID.

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15
Q

The ID arises from what system of our mind?

A

The unconciousness

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16
Q

What controls the ID as we develop?

A

The EGO controls it and the super ego inhibits it.

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17
Q

Where does the EGO and the Super EGO come from?

A

Unconscious, pre-conscious, and conscious.

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18
Q

What is the EGO?

A

The personality component that applies logical reasoning and planning to control the conscious and the ID.
The EGO tries to satisfy the ID using the REALITY PRINCIPLE which means it tries to find realisitic ways that it can satisfy ID’s desire for pleasure.

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19
Q

What is the Pleasure Principle?

A

The principle that causes our behavior to focus on getting pleasure; it rules our ID

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20
Q

What is the Reality Principle?

A

The principle where our mind tries to find realistic and logical ways that it can please our ID; it rules the EGO

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21
Q

What is our Superego?

A

This part of our personality inhibits the ID and enforces our EGO by instead of looking for how to apply realistic ways to please the ID it looks for ideal solutions that are of higher purpose and follow our moral code.

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22
Q

The Superego is responsible for everything but:

a. setting ideal goals
b. seeking moralistic goals
c. finding psychological rewards such as feeling of pride and love
d. tries to avoid psychological punishment
e. tries to seek things that produce pleasure.
f. tries to please the ID by finding realistic ways to achieve pleasure

A

e and f do not belong to superego
e belongs to ID
f is EGO

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23
Q

According to Freud what is anxiety?

A

A feeling of dread or tension, a warning of potential danger that arises when a person becomes aware of repressed feelings, memories, desires or experiences.

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24
Q

According to Freud people will attempt to protect the ego and develop what?

A

An ego defense mechanism

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25
Q

What is an ego defense mechanism?

A

An unconscious attempt to deny or distort reality in order to protect the ego.

26
Q

What are the eight ego defense mechansims?

A
  1. Repression
  2. Denial
  3. Reaction Formation
  4. Projection
  5. Displacement
  6. Rationalization
  7. Regression
  8. Sublimation
27
Q

Describe the ego defense mechanism of repression?

A

Lack of the ability to recall an emotionally painful memory

28
Q

Describe the ego defense mechanism of denial?

A

Forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory

29
Q

Describe the ego defense mechansim of reaction formation?

A

Transform the expression you have into the opposite that way it is not as dangerous to express the real feeling.
example acting hateful towards someone who you are sexually attracted to.

30
Q

Describe the ego defense mechansim of projection?

A

Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person.

31
Q

Describe the ego defense mechansim of displacement?

A

Redirect aggresive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action onto a less dangerous one
examples: angry at your boss and don’t express that anger there but bring it home and kick your dog.

32
Q

Describe the ego defense mechansim of Rationalization?

A

Explain and justify one’s impulsive behavior

33
Q

Describe the ego defense mechansim of Regression?

A

Go back to an earlier less sophisticated behavior to defend one’s ego (such as bedwetting after a trauma)

34
Q

Describe the ego defense mechansim of sublimation?

A

Channel the aggressive or sexual behavior towards something positive and constructive.

35
Q

According to pscyhoanalytical theory what happens when during an individual’s development specific needs and tasks are not satisfied.

A

The person harbors unresolved unconscious feelings and conflicts that leads to psychological dysfunctions.

36
Q

According to Freud sexual energy is present from infancy and that each person matures through five stages of?

A

psychosexual stages

37
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stage where each stage corresponds to the focus of the part of the body that is stimulated.

38
Q

What is the oral pscyhosexual stage?

A

The child obtain sexual pleasure from oral activities such as sucking and chewing.

39
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

The stage of a child when they get sensual pleasure from the control of elimination.

40
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

The child finds sensual pleasure through genitals. At this stage they are attracted to the opposite sex and become threatened by the same sex. Girls develop penis envy at this stage.

41
Q

The complexes that describe the sexual attraction and rivalry towards the same sex experienced by both girls and boys during the phallic stage are called?

A

The Oedipus complex (boys)

The Electra complex (girls)

42
Q

What is penis envy?

A

During the phallic stage girls become envious that they don’t have a penis and acquire envy that they don’t have one.

43
Q

What happens during the latency stage?

A

The sexual desires are converted into interests for school, friends and sports.

44
Q

What happens during the genital stage?

A

This begins in adolescence where sexual desires resurface and a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, art, sports, and careers.

45
Q

Freud believes that adult personality is largely determined by what six psychosexual stages?

A

The first three oral, anal, and phallic which take place during childhood and determine the personality developed in adulthood.

46
Q

What happens when a child is overindulged or suppressed in the first three psychosexual stages (Freud’s view)?

A

They will become psychologically fixated and continue to seek sensual pleasures through behaviors that are related to those first three stages. Furthermore they will not resolve that stage’s developmental conflict and later on find it difficult to accept their sexuality, or sexual feelings.

47
Q

Other psychologists developed their own psychoanaltyical theories that differed in what major way from Freud’s?

A

They believed that personality was changeable and not determined only by childhood experiences.

They saw people being motivated by other factors other than sexual energy such as growth instincts, social and interpersonal factors.

48
Q

Erik Erikson brought what two important factors to the unconscious development of personality?

A

He added social and interpersonal factors to Freud’s focus on the unconscious conflicts within a person.

49
Q

Erikson put forth what eight developmental stages and conflicts in adolescence and adulthood that supplement Freud’s focus on early childhood?

A
  1. Trust vs Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
  3. Initiative vs guilt
  4. Industry vs inferiority
  5. Identity vs role confusion
  6. Intimacy vs isolation
  7. Generativity vs stagnation
  8. Integrity vs despair
50
Q

What and when does trust vs. mistrust stage occur?

A

birth to year 1 the infant is trying to solve the crisis of figuring out what it can trust and not trust and if their needs of trusting the world and the people around is not met they will later continue to be mistrusting.

51
Q

What and when does autonomy vs. shame and doubt?

A

(1-3 years) toddler must solve the crisis of taking risks, exploring and accepting mistakes. if they are blocked from doing so or punished for mistakes that leads to them being dependent in adulthood.

52
Q

What is the initative vs guilt phase and when does it occur?

A

Preschool age (3-6 years) and it is the stage where the child needs to make decisions on their own and if these are not met then they will feel guilt taking intitiative and instead allow others to chose for them.

53
Q

What is the industry vs inferiority stage and when does it occur?

A

School age (6-12 years) the child begins to understand the world, develop gender-role identity, succeed in school or in specific goals they set. If these are not met in adulthood they may feel inadequate.

54
Q

What is the identity vs role confusion stage and when does it occur?

A

Adolescence (12-18 years) stage kids are trying to solve the crisis of their identity, goals and life meaning and limit testing. If the child does not test their limit and clarify their role, identity they will be confused about their role in adulthood

55
Q

What is the sixth stage in Erik’s developmental stages?

A

The intimacy vs. isolation which occurs during young adulthood (18-35) where the individual decides if they will engage in forming intimate relationships and if they can’t they will become alienated and isolated.

56
Q

What is the generativity vs stagnation stage and when does it occur?

A

Middle age people have to solve the crisis of figuring out if they have played a role in society by either making the next generation better or resolving conflicts between dreams they had and what they actually achieved. If they don’t feel productive and can’t resolve the conflict of their dreams vs what was accomplished they will get stuck in psychological stagnation.

57
Q

What is the final stage of Erik’s developmental stage?

A

The integrity vs despair where a person must resolve the conflict of either accepting what they have done or looking back in regret and feeling hopeless, guilty, resentful, and self-rejecting.

58
Q

What is psychoanaltyic therapy?

A

Talk therapy where a pscyhologist focuses on a patient talking about their lives and looking for patterns in their behavior and major events in childhood and later that played a role in the person’s current difficulties.

59
Q

Psychoanaltyic therapy goals are two fold?

A
  1. To make the patient aware of the unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting a difficulty.
  2. The second goal is to strengthen a person’s ego that way they make decisions based on what is real and not using their ID and superego.
60
Q

What are the methods used in psychoanalytical therapy?

A

talking, free association, role-play, and dream interpretation

MCAT Psychology (5 decks)

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