Princeton review chapter 4: interacting with the environment Flashcards
selective attention
the process by which one input is attended to and the rest is tuned out (limited capacity to pay attention) e.g., dichotic listening set up of hearing 2 diff dialogues: attended vs. unattended.
Donald Broadbent
invented the broadbent filter model of selective attention
broadbent filter model of selective attention
input through sensory buffer which enter short term memory storage. his model emphasized that you block the unattended message at the selective filter and only selectively messages are processed.
Anne Treisman
invented cocktail party effect
Anne Triesman’s Attenuation Model/Cocktail Party Effect
“cocktail party effect” defined through selective priming in which the unattended message goes through the attenuating filter instead of the selective filter. (dampening down the unattended message instead of completely blocking it) to only recall messages that are relevant/significant.
Spotlight Model
focusing with attention and not vision
Multitasking
Your ability to multitask is determined by 1) Similarity 2) Difficulty and 3) Practice
Alan Baddeley’s Model
Redefined short term memory as “working memory”. Consists of 4 components 1) Phonological Loop 2) Visiospatial Sketchpad 3) Episodic Buffer) and 4) Central Executive.
Alan Baddeley’s Model
Redefined short term memory as “working memory”. Consists of 4 components 1) Phonological Loop 2) Visuospatial Sketchpad 3) Episodic Buffer) and 4) Central Executive.
Phonological Loop
Repeat verbally to remember it
Visuospatial Sketchpad
mental images “picturing in mind”
Episodic Buffer
integrates information from Phonological Loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad. combining information of variety sources into coherent episodes.
Central Executive
overseer of the entire process. Shifts and divides attention
Jean Piaget
developed the Stages of Cognitive Development
Assimilating
conforming experiences into our existing schemas
Accommodating
adjusting our schemas to take into account new experiences
Piaget’s Developmental Stages (4)
1) Sensorimotor
Sensorimotor
Birth - 2 yo
object permanence & stranger anxiety
Preoperational Stage
2 - 7 yo
Symbols & Egocentric
Concrete Operational
7 - 11 yo
Conservation & mathematical concepts
Formal Operational
12 yo - adulthood
Abstract & Moral Reasoning
Cognitive changes in adulthood
declines at age 60, difficulty remembering time-dependent tasks (taking meds 3x/day)
Recall
retrieving information from memory without any clues
Recognition
retrieving information from memory with clues
Cognitive Development in Culture
expression of thoughts is limited by the speaker’s language. culture plays a role in
Noam Chomsky
though children could not learn language through environment; genetics play a role in acquiring this skill
Problem Solving Approaches
trial and error, algorithm, heuristics
Heuristics
mental shortcut
Heuristics
mental shortcut
Conformation Bias
tendency to search only for information that confirms our preconceived thinking, rather than information that might not support it.
Fixation
inability to see the problem from a “fresh perspective” due to a mental set
Mental Set
tendency to fixate on solutions that have worked in the past, though they may not apply to the current situation
Availability Heuristics
relies on our memory of specific instances (how readily specific examples come to mind)
Representative Heuristics
generalizations of people and events
Belief Bias
judge arguments based on what one believes on their conclusions instead of sound logic
Belief Perseverance
tendency to cling to beliefs despite contrary evidence
