Princaples Of Organisaton Flashcards
What are cells
Basic Building blocks that make up all living organism
What is a tissue and example
Group of cells with a similar structure or function
Eg Muscular Tissue (contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
What is an organ and example
Group of differnt tissues that work together to perform a certain function Eg stomach is organ made of these tissues muscular ( moved the stomach wall to churn up food
What is a organ system
An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function
Eg Digestive system has glands , stomach ,small intestine, liver
The bladder is a organ explain what this means
It’s made up of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
What are enzymes and what do they do
Large proteins made up of a chain of amino acids
Catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of the active site
Enzymes are biological catalysts and speed up useful chemical reactions
What happens if the substrate doesn’t fit the active site
The reaction won’t be catalysed
What does it mean for the enzyme to be denatured
Higher temp increases rate at first but if it gets too hot some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break which changes the shape of the enzymes active site so the substrate won’t fit any more
Why do enzymes have a optimum Ph
If the pH is too high or too low it can interfere with the bonds holding the enzyme together which changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme
What’s a buffer solution
Solution to control the pH
What solutions do u need for the enzyme activity experiment
Amylase and starch
Why do u place the test tubes in a water bath at 30degrees
Leave them for ten mins so they can reach the correct temp
What do u use to transfer one drop of solution to a well in the spotting tile which contains iodine
Stirring rod
When do we stop taking samples
Till the iodine remains orange (no starch present
When repeat the experiment what things do u change
Differnt pH buffers
Problems
Samples every 30 seconds so only have approximate time for reaction to
complete
Problems and how to address it
Colour change tends to be gradual so difficult to see when reaction has finished
Ask several people to look at the spotting tile and decide when reaction is complete
Rate of Reaction
1000 divided by time
What do digestive enzymes do
Break big molecules (starch protein and fats ) into smaller ones like sugars (eg glucose and maltose) , amino acids , glycerol , fatty acids so that they can be pass easily through the walls of the digestive system and be absorbed in the blood stream
What does amylase (an example
Of carbohydrase) do
Break down starch into things like maltose or other sugars
Where is amylase made
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
What does protease do
Break proteins into amino acids
Where are protease made
The stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
What do Lipase do
Convert lipids into Glycerol and Fatty acids
Where is lipase made
Pancreas
Small intestine
What are the products of digestion used for
To build new carbs lipids and proteins
Some glucose is used in respiration
Where is bile made
In the liver and stored in the gall bladder before it’s released into the small intestine
Bile is alkaline . eXplain what this does
Neutralises hydrochloric acids from the stomach and makes conditions alkaline so enzymes work best
Emulsifies fats to form small droplets which increase the surface area which makes fat breakdown by lipase faster
Bile is a product of the liver
Describe and explain its role in digestion
Bile is alkaline so it neutralises the stomach acid and makes conditions in the small intestine alkaline.
The enzymes of the small intestine work best in these alkaline conditions
Also emulsifies fats which gives a bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on making digestion faster
What does different enzymes do
Catalyse breakdown of different food molecules
Function of salivary glands
Produce amylase enzyme in saliva
Function of liver
Where bile is produced
Function of gall bladder
Where bile is stored before it’s released into small intestine
Function of large intestine
Where excess water is absorbed from the food
Function of pancreas
Produces protease amylase and lipase enzymes and then releases into the small intestine
Function of small intestine
Produces protease amylase and lipase
Where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
Function of rectum
Where the faeces are
Stored before they farewell thru anus
Function of stomach
Pummels food with its muscular walls
Produces protease enzyme (pepsin)
Produces hydrochloric acid to kill
Bacteria and give the right pH for portease enzymes to work
Three parts of the digestive system that produce protease enzymes
Stomach pancreas and small intestine
Why do u need oxygen in ur bloodstream
To supply cells for respiration
Where does the air you breathe in go through
The trachea which splits into two tubes called bronchi
What are alveoli
Millions of little air sacs surrounded by a network of blood capillaries
What do rings of cartilage do
Prevent trachea from collapsing during inhalation
What does oxygen do
It diffuses into the blood out of the alveolus and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveolus
Adaptions of
Alveoli
Millions of
Alveoli so lungs have huge surface area
Thin walls so diffusion path is short
Good blood supply
How does breathing increase the rate of diffusion
Brings fresh oxygen into the alveoli and takes away carbon Dioxide which
Makes the concentration gradients night for theses gasses
