Prime Minister and the executive Flashcards
Key word:
What does the executive mean?
The branch of government responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, policies, and decisions. It typically includes the head of state (e.g., president or monarch), government leaders, and civil servants.
Key word:
What does core executive mean?
The top decision-making body in government, consisting of key leaders like the prime minister, senior ministers, and officials who help make and carry out policies.
Key word:
What does secondary legislation mean?
Laws or rules made by government ministers or agencies under powers given to them by an existing Act of Parliament. It’s also called “delegated legislation.”
Key word:
What does royal prerogative mean?
Powers historically held by the monarch that can now be exercised by government ministers. These powers include decisions on foreign affairs, defence, and the issuing of passports.
Key word:
What does cabinet minister mean?
A senior government official who heads a specific department (like health or defence) and helps make key decisions in the government.
Key word:
What does government department mean?
An area of government responsible for a specific public service, such as education, defence, or the environment. Each department is headed by a cabinet minister.
Key word:
What does individual ministerial responsibility mean?
The principle that a minister is personally responsible for the actions and policies of their department. If something goes wrong, the minister may have to resign.
Key word:
What does collective ministerial responsibility mean?
The principle that all government ministers must publicly support government decisions, even if they disagreed with them privately. If a minister cannot support a decision, they may be expected to resign.
Key word:
What does cabinet government mean?
A system of government where the Cabinet (a group of senior ministers) is the main decision-making body. The prime minister leads the Cabinet and coordinates policy.
Key word:
What does Prime-ministerial government mean?
A system where the prime minister has more power and influence than the Cabinet, often dominating decision-making.
Key word:
What does presidential government mean?
A system where the president is the head of state and the head of government, and is elected separately from the legislature. The president has significant powers, often including control over the executive branch.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What is the structure of the executive?
The executive branch consists of the head of state (the monarch), head of government (the PM), cabinet ministers (government departments), civil servants, and government agencies.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What is the role of the executive?
The executive is responsible for implementing laws, making policies, handling foreign affairs, managing defence, overseeing public services, managing the economy, and crisis management.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
How does the executive govern the nation e.g. introducing legislation
Johnson (2021) – Environment Bill - introduced to address environmental issues like air quality, plastic waste, and climate change. This led to legally binding targets for reducing emissions and improving biodiversity and water quality.
May (2017) – Modern Slavery Act - focused on tackling modern slavery and human trafficking. This led to strengthened victim protections and required businesses to report on efforts to prevent slavery in supply chains.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
How does the executive govern the nation e.g. responding to circumstances through legislation (use 2 examples)
David Cameron (2015) - introduced the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act (2015) after the Charlie Hebdo attacks.
The law gave the UK government stronger powers to fight terrorism, including the ability to seize passports from suspected militants and stop people from returning to the UK if they were involved in terrorism abroad.
Tony Blair (2005) – Terrorism Act - In response to the 2005 London bombings, Tony Blair’s government passed the Terrorism Act (2006), giving authorities the power to detain suspected terrorists without trial for extended periods.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
How does the executive govern the nation e.g. the budget ( use two examples)
Sunak (2023) – Spring Budget -The 2023 Spring Budget focused on improving the economy, helping businesses, lowering energy bills, and investing in technology and infrastructure. It also continued support for workers affected by the pandemic.
Johnson (2020) – COVID-19 Response Budget
The COVID-19 Response Budget aimed to protect workers and businesses during the pandemic e.g. furlough scheme and a £350 billion support package with grants, loans, and relief for businesses, workers, and healthcare.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
How does the executive govern the nation e.g. secondary/delegated legislation
Johnson (2020) – Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations -UK government used secondary legislation to impose COVID-19 restrictions without full parliamentary approval. The Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations set rules for lockdowns, travel bans, and social distancing, allowing the government to act quickly as the situation changed.
The Environmental Protection (Waste) Regulations 2011 - used secondary legislation for how to manage and recycle waste. They told businesses and councils what to do with waste, including dangerous waste. These laws allowed the government to change waste laws quickly without needing new laws, and local areas could adjust them as needed.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What sources of power do the PM have? (use two examples) e.g. constitutional/legal powers
Sunak (2022) – Appointment of Ministers -When Rishi Sunak became Prime Minister in October 2022, he appointed key ministers e.g. Hunt as Chancellor and Cleverly as Foreign Secretary. These appointments helped him gain control over the government and align it with his vision e.g. economic recovery after COVID and international relations post-Brexit. Hunt played a key role in stabilizing the economy after Liz Truss’s brief time as Prime Minister.
May (2016-2019) – Appointment of Ministers - When Theresa May became Prime Minister in 2016 after Cameron resigned following the Brexit referendum, she appointed a new Cabinet to handle Brexit. She made Johnson Foreign Secretary and Davis Brexit Secretary. These appointments were important in shaping how the government would handle Brexit talks and how to manage the divisions in her party.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What sources of power do the PM have? (use two examples) e.g. Party/political power
Blair’s Majority (1997-2001) -In the 1997 election, Tony Blair won a huge victory, giving his Labour Party a strong majority in Parliament. This allowed him to pass important laws like the Human Rights Act 1998 and the minimum wage. His big majority made it easier to push his plans through without much opposition.
Boris Johnson (2019) - Boris Johnson won a big victory in the 2019 election, securing an 80-seat majority. This gave him the power to push through his Brexit deal, with less opposition to his policies. His strong win allowed him to pass important laws, including the final Brexit bill.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What sources of power do the PM have? (use two examples) e.g. public/media influence.
Rishi Sunak’s Public Communication on the Economy (2023)
As Prime Minister during the cost of living crisis, Rishi Sunak used media, including interviews and speeches, to explain his economic plans, such as an energy support package for households and businesses. His media presence helped him maintain credibility and showed him as a steady leader.
Boris Johnson and the Media During the COVID-19 Crisis (2020) -During the COVID-19 pandemic, Boris Johnson used media to communicate key health measures, like lockdowns and the vaccination campaign. His daily press conferences helped shape public views of his leadership and kept support high.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
How has royal prerogative changed the powers of the PM? (brief)
The Royal Prerogative has increased the Prime Minister’s powers by shifting many duties once held by the monarch to the PM.
This allows the PM to make quick, decisive decisions on important national issues, but it also raises concerns about the concentration of power within the executive and whether it should be more shared or limited.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What powers does the PM exercise? e.g. membership of government
THIS IS DUE TO ROYAL PREROGATIVE!!! -The Royal Prerogative gives the Prime Minister the power to appoint and dismiss ministers, allowing them to shape the direction of the government by choosing leaders for key departments.
Sunak (2022) -When Rishi Sunak became Prime Minister in October 2022, he used the Royal Prerogative to appoint key ministers like Jeremy Hunt as Chancellor and James Cleverly as Foreign Secretary. This helped Sunak consolidate power and align the government with his priorities, particularly managing the economic crisis after Liz Truss’s resignation.
Johnson (2019) -When Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in 2019, he reshuffled his Cabinet, appointing Raab as Foreign Secretary and Patel as Home Secretary. This helped him strengthen his leadership and push his Brexit agenda by ensuring his ministers supported a hard Brexit.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What powers does the PM exercise? e.g. making senior appointments
THIS IS DUE TO ROYAL PREROGATIVE!!! -The Royal Prerogative allows the Prime Minister to make senior appointments, such as recommending individuals for life peerages in the House of Lords, helping to shape the political landscape.
Johnson’s House of Lords Appointments (2020) In 2020, Boris Johnson used the Royal Prerogative to recommend life peerages e.g. Baroness Morrissey, a supporter of his business policies. This strengthened his position in the House of Lords, giving him allies who helped pass key legislation, like Brexit bills.
Sunak’s House of Lords Appointments (2023) - In 2023, Rishi Sunak recommended new life peers to the House of Lords, including former Conservative Party leaders and business figures. This helped him increase his influence in the Lords, particularly on fiscal policy and social welfare issues.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What powers does the PM exercise? e.g. negotiating foreign treaties
THIS IS DUE TO ROYAL PREROGATIVE!!! -The Royal Prerogative gives the Prime Minister the power to negotiate and sign foreign treaties on behalf of the UK, although these treaties must eventually be ratified by Parliament.
Johnson’s Brexit Deal (2020) -In 2020, Boris Johnson negotiated the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement post-Brexit through the Royal Prerogative. This deal finalised the UK’s departure from the EU, but it needed Parliamentary approval to become law. It demonstrated the PM’s control over foreign policy.
Sunak’s Windsor Framework (2023) -In 2023, Rishi Sunak negotiated the Windsor Framework with the EU to address issues with the Northern Ireland Protocol. This deal, negotiated through the Royal Prerogative, helped smooth trade between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK, showing the PM’s influence in foreign relations.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What powers does the PM exercise? e.g. directing military forces
THIS IS DUE TO ROYAL PREROGATIVE!!! -The Royal Prerogative allows the Prime Minister to deploy British military forces abroad, including in combat, without needing Parliamentary approval (though Parliament is often consulted for major actions).
Johnson’s Military Action in Syria (2018) -In 2018, Boris Johnson directed UK military airstrikes on Syria in response to a chemical weapons attack. The UK joined forces with the US and France without parliamentary approval, showcasing the Prime Minister’s power in military decisions.
UK’s Military Support to Ukraine (2022-present) -Under Rishi Sunak, the UK provided military aid to Ukraine in its fight against Russia. The decision to send weapons and training was made through the Royal Prerogative, highlighting the PM’s authority in deploying military support, although these actions were widely debated in Parliament.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What powers does the PM exercise? e.g. nuclear deterrent
THIS IS DUE TO ROYAL PREROGATIVE!!! - The Prime Minister holds the royal prerogative to decide whether to activate the UK’s nuclear deterrent, a critical and sensitive decision in national security.
Johnson’s Nuclear Deterrent (2021) -In 2021, Boris Johnson announced a change in the UK’s nuclear policy, increasing the nuclear warhead cap from 225 to 260. This decision, reflected his broader defence strategy and demonstrated the PM’s control over national security, despite scrutiny from Parliament and the public.
Example 2: Rishi Sunak’s Nuclear Posture (2023) -Sunak endorsed a shift in the UK’s nuclear policy, boosting investment in the deterrent due to the growing threat from Russia. Sunak used the royal prerogative to shape defence policy, reinforcing the PM’s authority in matters of national security, often without needing parliamentary approval.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What is the role of government departments?
Government departments are responsible for delivering public services and carrying out government policies in specific areas like health, education, and defence.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What is the role of government departments? e.g. providing services
Government departments provide essential services like healthcare, education, and transportation.
e.g. during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) played a key role in managing the response by coordinating the NHS to deliver vaccines, provide medical care, and implement health guidelines to protect the public.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What is the role of government departments? e.g. implementing policy
Government departments take policies and turn them into action, ensuring that laws and decisions are carried out effectively.
e.g. The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) implemented the Environment Act 2021, which set new targets for air quality, biodiversity, and waste management as part of the UK’s strategy to tackle climate change and protect the environment.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
What is the role of government departments? e.g. resource management
Government departments manage budgets and resources to ensure taxpayer money is spent wisely and services are delivered efficiently.
e.g. in 2023, the Department of Health and Social Care allocated a large part of the national budget to the NHS to improve services and reduce waiting times, reflecting its role in managing public resources for essential services.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
How can government departments be seen as neutral? e.g. impartiality on policy advice (give 2 examples)
Government departments remain neutral by offering impartial, evidence-based advice that focuses on the public good rather than political interests.
HM Treasury’s Budget Advice (2020) - During the COVID-19 pandemic, HM Treasury advised the government on the furlough scheme to protect jobs and support the economy. Their recommendations were based on economic data, not political agendas.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) on Brexit (2016-2020) - The FCO provided neutral advice on the impact of Brexit, focusing on protecting the UK’s interests in trade and diplomacy. Their guidance was based on facts and international law, not political party priorities.
The structure, role and the powers of the executive:
How can government departments be seen as neutral? e.g. confidentiality (give 2 examples)
Government departments maintain neutrality by protecting sensitive information and ensuring decisions are made based on facts, not political pressure.
Cabinet Office – National Security Briefings (2020) - The Cabinet Office kept intelligence on the COVID-19 pandemic confidential, ensuring decisions about the virus were based on expert advice and not political influence.
HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) – Taxpayer Data Protection (2021) - HMRC protected sensitive financial data when administering the furlough scheme, ensuring fair treatment for all taxpayers, without political bias.
Ministerial responsibility:
What are the conditions of individual ministerial responsibility? (There are 3)
Accountability for Actions: Ministers are responsible for the policies, actions, and decisions made by their department, even if they didn’t directly make them.
Resigning for Mistakes: If things go wrong, such as a failure or scandal in their department, ministers are expected to take responsibility and may need to resign.
Answering to Parliament: Ministers must explain and defend their department’s work in Parliament, answering questions and being transparent about decisions.
Ministerial responsibility:
How can individual ministerial responsibility reflect on the PM? (use 2 examples )
Patel (2018) – Allegations of Bullying -In 2018, Home Secretary Priti Patel was accused of bullying staff. An inquiry found she had breached the ministerial code, but Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister, chose not to ask her to resign. This decision was widely criticized, damaging Johnson’s leadership and his reputation for maintaining government standards.
Kwarteng (2022) – Mini-Budget Crisis -In 2022, Chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng introduced a mini-budget with large, unfunded tax cuts, causing economic instability. The negative market reaction led to Kwarteng’s dismissal by Prime Minister Liz Truss, which further harmed her leadership and contributed to her resignation just weeks later.
Ministerial responsibility:
How can individual ministerial responsibility be seen as being effective? (use two examples)
Individual ministerial responsibility works when ministers are held accountable for their actions and their department’s performance. This keeps government decisions transparent and helps maintain public trust.
Amber Rudd (2018) – Windrush Scandal - Amber Rudd resigned as Home Secretary after the Windrush scandal, where people were wrongly treated by the government. Her resignation showed that ministers are responsible for their department’s actions.
David Gauke (2018) – Prison Issues - David Gauke took responsibility for problems in UK prisons, like overcrowding, and worked on solutions. This showed that ministers are accountable for the services their departments provide.
Ministerial responsibility:
How can administrative failure lead to individual ministerial responsibility? (use two examples)
A minister is held accountable for problems in their department, especially when it impacts public services or causes harm.
Zoe’s Law – Department for Transport (2020): In 2020, the Department for Transport delayed changes to stillbirth registration laws (Zoe’s Law), frustrating the public. While Minister Grant Shapps didn’t resign, the delay showed his responsibility for the issue in his department.
Windrush Scandal – Home Office (2018): In 2018, the Home Office wrongfully detained and threatened to deport long-term Commonwealth citizens. Home Secretary Amber Rudd resigned, taking responsibility for the mistakes in her department, even though she wasn’t directly involved.
Ministerial responsibility:
How can policy failure lead to individual ministerial responsibility? (use two examples)
Policy failure can lead to individual ministerial responsibility when a minister is held accountable for policies that go wrong or harm the public.
AUKUS Deal – Ministry of Defence (2021) - The AUKUS agreement led to a diplomatic fallout with France and confusion in the UK. Defence Secretary Ben Wallace was criticized for mishandling the deal, damaging relations and trust in the government’s foreign policy.
Exam Results Scandal – Department for Education (2020)
During the pandemic, an algorithm used to determine exam results unfairly impacted many students, especially from poorer backgrounds. Education Secretary Gavin Williamson was criticized for the policy failure, damaging his reputation and highlighting ministerial responsibility.
Ministerial responsibility:
How can scandal lead to individual ministerial responsibility? (use two examples)
Partygate Scandal (2022) -During the COVID-19 lockdown, parties at Downing Street broke the rules set by the government. Boris Johnson was fined for attending and later accused of misleading Parliament. The scandal damaged his reputation and led to his resignation as Prime Minister.
Matt Hancock resigned as Health Secretary in 2021 after a video showed him breaking social distancing rules by kissing an aide during the COVID-19 pandemic. His actions went against the very rules his department had set. He was held accountable for undermining public trust in the government’s health policies.
Ministerial responsibility:
How can individual ministerial responsibility be seen not to be effective? (use two examples)
Robert Jenrick Scandal (2020) - Housing Secretary Robert Jenrick approved a property deal that benefited a Conservative donor, Richard Desmond, after being pressured. Although Jenrick didn’t resign, the scandal raised concerns about political influence and hurt his credibility.
Gavin Williamson and the Exam Results Scandal (2020): As Education Secretary, Gavin Williamson oversaw an algorithm that unfairly affected students’ exam results during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite public anger, he did not resign, which questioned the effectiveness of individual ministerial responsibility.
Ministerial responsibility:
What are the conditions for collective ministerial responsibility? (There are 3)
Unity in Public: All ministers must publicly support government decisions, even if they disagree privately.
Resignation for Major Disagreements: If a minister cannot support a decision, they should resign.
Confidentiality of Cabinet Discussions: Cabinet discussions must remain private, allowing ministers to speak freely without fear of leaks.
Collective ministerial responsibility:
What ministerial resignations were caused by collective ministerial responsibility? (use two examples)
Alok Sharma (2021): Alok Sharma resigned after the UK failed to meet climate targets set at COP26 feeling that he could no longer support the government he was with, highlighting collective ministerial responsibility as he disagreed with the government’s actions.
Lord Frost (2021): Lord Frost resigned as Brexit Minister over disagreements with the government’s approach to post-Brexit issues, showing that ministers must support government policies, even if they don’t agree with them.
Collective ministerial responsibility:
How can collective ministerial responsibility be seen to be broken? (use two examples)
Michael Gove (2016): Gove publicly campaigned for Brexit against the government’s official position, breaking collective ministerial responsibility. Despite this, he did not resign, raising concerns about the enforcement of the principle.
Priti Patel (2017): Patel held secret meetings with Israeli officials without informing the Prime Minister, violating collective responsibility. Although she was temporarily removed from her role, she did not resign, showing how ministers sometimes avoid resignation even after breaching the principle.
Collective ministerial responsibility:
How has collective responsibility been suspended when it has been impossible to achieve? (use two examples)
Brexit (2016-2019): Collective ministerial responsibility was suspended as key ministers, including Boris Johnson and Michael Gove, publicly disagreed with the government’s position on Brexit. This led to a divided Cabinet and weakened public trust in the government’s ability to manage Brexit.
COVID-19 Pandemic (2020): During the pandemic, ministers, including Matt Hancock, occasionally disagreed on policies such as lockdowns and restrictions. The suspension of collective responsibility allowed differing views but caused confusion and inconsistency in government messaging.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the functions of the cabinet e.g. policy formulation
The Cabinet develops and agrees on the government’s policies.
e.g. Brexit Deal (2019): Under Boris Johnson’s leadership, the Cabinet played a crucial role in formulating the UK’s approach to the EU Withdrawal Agreement, including key decisions about the future relationship with the EU.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the functions of the cabinet e.g. coordinating government departments
The Cabinet ensures that government departments work together and that policies are implemented effectively across all sectors.
e.g. COVID-19 Response (2020-2021): The Cabinet, including key ministers like Matt Hancock (Health) and Rishi Sunak (Chancellor), coordinated the government’s response to the pandemic, managing the rollout of vaccines and the economic recovery package.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the functions of the cabinet e.g. setting government priorities
The Cabinet sets the government’s priorities e.g. in times of crisis, to direct resources and attention to key issues.
e.g. Ukraine Crisis (2022): The Cabinet, under Rishi Sunak, focused on providing military and humanitarian support to Ukraine in response to Russia’s invasion, setting foreign policy and defence priorities.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the functions of the cabinet e.g. advising the PM
The Cabinet advises the Prime Minister on major decisions, ensuring a range of perspectives are considered before action is taken.
e.g. Energy Crisis (2022): With the rise in energy prices, the Cabinet worked together to develop plans, including the Energy Price Guarantee, to support households and businesses. Cabinet ministers provided input on how best to address the situation
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the functions of the cabinet e.g. managing crises
The Cabinet helps manage national crises and makes decisions under pressure, often with the Prime Minister’s leadership.
e.g. Afghanistan Withdrawal (2021): The Cabinet was involved in decisions related to the rapid evacuation of British nationals and allies from Afghanistan after the Taliban took control, handling a complex and fast-moving situation.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet selected? e.g. appointment by the PM
Rishi Sunak’s Cabinet (2022): After becoming Prime Minister in 2022, Sunak appointed key figures like Jeremy Hunt as Chancellor of the Exchequer and James Cleverly as Foreign Secretary, both of whom had significant experience and expertise.
Boris Johnson’s Cabinet (2019): Upon becoming Prime Minister, Boris Johnson appointed Dominic Raab as Foreign Secretary and Priti Patel as Home Secretary. He selected them based on their loyalty and experience.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet selected? e.g. key positions
Rishi Sunak’s Chancellor, Jeremy Hunt (2022): Jeremy Hunt, appointed by Sunak as Chancellor, is a senior figure in the Conservative Party with extensive experience in finance, which made him a natural choice for this key position.
Boris Johnson’s Chancellor, Rishi Sunak (2020-2022): Sunak was appointed Chancellor by Boris Johnson because of his background in economics and successful handling of the UK’s financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet selected? e.g. balancing representation
Rishi Sunak’s Cabinet (2022): In Sunak’s cabinet, he appointed Suella Braverman (a prominent right-wing figure) as Home Secretary to balance the party’s different factions and represent the more conservative wing of the party.
Boris Johnson’s Cabinet (2019): Johnson appointed a diverse range of figures, including Nadine Dorries, a staunch supporter of Brexit, as Culture Secretary, ensuring representation of various viewpoints within the party.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet selected? e.g. expertise/experience
Rishi Sunak’s Secretary of State for Health, Steve Barclay (2022): Sunak appointed Steve Barclay as Health Secretary, based on his previous experience in government and managing critical issues like health system reforms.
Boris Johnson’s Secretary of State for Health, Matt Hancock (2018-2021): Johnson appointed Matt Hancock to lead the Department of Health and Social Care during the pandemic due to his previous experience as a minister and his ability to manage the national health response.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can the cabinet be seen to be significant? e.g. decision-making
Rishi Sunak’s Economic Response to the Cost of Living Crisis (2022-2023): Sunak’s Cabinet, including Jeremy Hunt (Chancellor) and Mel Stride (Secretary of State for Work and Pensions), was crucial in making decisions on how to tackle the cost of living crisis. The Cabinet discussed measures such as the energy support package and tax cuts, which had direct implications for millions of citizens.
Boris Johnson’s Brexit Strategy (2019-2020): Johnson’s Cabinet played a vital role in shaping and approving the final version of the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement. Key ministers like Dominic Raab (Foreign Secretary) and Michael Gove (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster) worked together to navigate negotiations and manage the UK’s exit from the EU.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can the cabinet be seen to be significant? e.g. shaping policy
Rishi Sunak’s Environment Strategy (2023): Sunak’s Cabinet was involved in shaping the UK’s approach to climate change through discussions on green energy policies and the Environmental Protection Bill. Alok Sharma, who had been a key figure in the COP26 summit, contributed heavily to this discussion.
Boris Johnson’s COVID-19 Response (2020-2021): Johnson’s Cabinet, particularly Matt Hancock (Health Secretary), Rishi Sunak (Chancellor), and Michael Gove (Minister for the Cabinet Office), were deeply involved in formulating and overseeing national policies on lockdowns, vaccinations, and economic relief packages in response to the pandemic
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can the cabinet be seen to be significant? e.g. accountability and responsibility
Rishi Sunak’s Accountability for the Energy Support Scheme (2023): Sunak’s Cabinet, particularly Jeremy Hunt, was held accountable for the success of the Energy Price Guarantee Scheme, which helped households cope with rising energy bills.
Boris Johnson’s Resignation Over Partygate Scandal (2022): Johnson’s Cabinet was put under pressure during the Partygate scandal, with ministers like Rishi Sunak distancing themselves from Johnson as he faced public scrutiny and eventually resigned.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can the cabinet be seen to be significant? e.g. managing crises
Rishi Sunak’s National Security Strategy (2023): Sunak’s Cabinet, with key figures like Ben Wallace (Defence Secretary) and James Cleverly (Foreign Secretary), was essential in shaping the UK’s response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, coordinating military and diplomatic support for Ukraine.
Boris Johnson’s COVID-19 Pandemic Response (2020-2021): Johnson’s Cabinet played a central role in managing the COVID-19 crisis, with Matt Hancock overseeing public health measures and Rishi Sunak implementing economic relief strategies like the furlough scheme.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can the cabinet be not be seen to be significant? e.g. decision making
COUNTER ARGUMENT!!!! Decision-making within the Cabinet can sometimes be slow or ineffective, particularly when ministers are divided or when important decisions are deferred.
Boris Johnson’s COVID-19 Response (2020-2021): The UK government was slow to impose a national lockdown, with Cabinet divisions over the timing and severity of restrictions. Delays in closing schools in March 2020 fueled public frustration and criticism of the government’s handling of the crisis.
Rishi Sunak’s Handling of the Economic Crisis (2022): Under Rishi Sunak, there were delays and mixed messages, particularly regarding support for businesses facing high energy bills. Cabinet disagreements, notably with Chancellor Jeremy Hunt, led to criticisms of the government’s response to the economic crisis.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How significant is the cabinet? e.g. shaping policy
COUNTER ARGUMENT!!! Cabinet decision-making can be influenced by political factions and leadership struggles, leading to weak or inconsistent policies.
Brexit Policy Under Boris Johnson (2019-2020): Boris Johnson’s Cabinet was divided over key Brexit issues, especially the Northern Ireland Protocol and trade deals. Disagreements among ministers like Michael Gove and Dominic Raab led to confusion and a lack of clarity in the government’s Brexit strategy.
Environmental Policy Under Rishi Sunak (2023): Rishi Sunak’s Cabinet also faced divisions on climate policies. Ministers like Jacob Rees-Mogg pushed for less ambitious action on climate change, resulting in weaker policies on green energy and emissions reductions.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can the cabinet be not be seen to be significant? e.g. accountability and responsibility
COUNTER ARGUMENT!!! Ministers may avoid taking full responsibility for failures, or accountability may be weakened when Cabinet members are loyal to the Prime Minister or seek to protect one another.
Gavin Williamson and the Exam Results Scandal (2020):
Despite the failure of the exam results algorithm, Education Secretary Gavin Williamson did not resign, and the Cabinet, led by Boris Johnson, avoided holding him accountable. This highlighted weaknesses in the Cabinet’s accountability mechanisms due to political loyalty.
Partygate Scandal and Boris Johnson’s Resilience (2022):
Boris Johnson remained in power despite the Partygate scandal, with many Cabinet ministers, including Rishi Sunak and Priti Patel, reluctant to distance themselves from him. This weakened collective responsibility and raised concerns about the Cabinet’s discipline and accountability.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can the cabinet be not be seen to be significant? e.g. managing crises
COUNTER ARGUEMENT!!! Cabinet’s response to crises can be fragmented and disjointed, especially when ministers are working at cross-purposes or under intense pressure.
UK’s Military Support to Ukraine (2022): The UK’s military support to Ukraine faced internal Cabinet divisions, with Defence Secretary Ben Wallace pushing for stronger aid, while others were more cautious. This caused confusion about the UK’s position and critics argued for a more unified response to strengthen its role in Europe.
COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2021): The UK’s COVID-19 response was marked by Cabinet divisions, especially over the timing of the lockdown. Disagreements between ministers on economic and health priorities led to a disorganized and inconsistent approach, resulting in criticism of the government’s early handling of the crisis.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet used to help the PM make decisions? e.g. policy discussion and debate
The Cabinet provides a forum for open discussion, allowing ministers to present their departmental perspectives, discuss proposed policies, and advise the PM. The PM relies on this collective input to make informed decisions.
Brexit Deal (2020): Boris Johnson used his Cabinet to discuss the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Ministers like Michael Gove and Dominic Raab provided expertise on key areas such as trade, security, and Northern Ireland, shaping the final terms of the deal.
COVID-19 Response (2020): Boris Johnson relied on his Cabinet to manage the COVID-19 response. Key ministers like Matt Hancock and Michael Gove debated measures such as lockdowns, NHS support, and vaccination strategies, helping to shape the national response.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet used to help the PM make decisions? e.g. shaping policy
The Cabinet plays a key role in shaping and implementing policies by making sure proposals align with government priorities. Ministers lead specific departments and ensure that policies are practical, realistic, and ready to be carried out.
Rishi Sunak’s Economic Response to COVID-19 (2020):
As Chancellor, Rishi Sunak used the Cabinet to shape economic measures like the furlough scheme. Cabinet approval ensured coordination across departments, enabling quick and effective support during the pandemic.
Green Energy Transition (2023): Rishi Sunak’s Cabinet discussed policies to invest in green energy and reduce carbon emissions. Key ministers like Grant Shapps helped shape initiatives such as offshore wind farms and green energy incentives, ensuring balanced and achievable policies.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet used to help the PM make decisions? e.g. crisis management
The Cabinet provides the Prime Minister with advice and support during times of crisis, ensuring that decisions are made swiftly and effectively. It is essential during emergencies or when immediate action is required.
Ukraine War (2022): Boris Johnson relied on his Cabinet to decide the UK’s response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Ministers like Ben Wallace and Liz Truss advised on military aid, sanctions, and diplomacy. Cabinet collaboration led to sending weapons, imposing sanctions, and offering diplomatic support.
Energy Crisis (2022): Rishi Sunak used his Cabinet to address the rising energy prices in 2022. Ministers like Grant Shapps and Kwasi Kwarteng helped develop policies to reduce energy bills and support businesses. Cabinet-approved measures included price caps and financial aid for energy-intensive industries.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet not used to help the PM make decisions? e.g. policy discussion and debate
COUNTER-POINT!!! While Cabinet discussions are meant to be a forum for open debate, the Prime Minister can dominate decision-making, limiting the effectiveness of these discussions. Often, decisions are made behind closed doors, and ministers may feel pressured to conform to the PM’s views.
Boris Johnson’s Handling of the COVID-19 Response (2020):
Boris Johnson made key decisions on lockdowns without fully consulting Cabinet. Ministers like Matt Hancock felt sidelined, raising doubts about the effectiveness of Cabinet discussions and Johnson’s dominant leadership. This raised questions about the true effectiveness of Cabinet discussions, as decisions seemed to be heavily influenced by Johnson’s personal leadership rather than collective input.
Brexit Negotiations (2019-2020): Boris Johnson made major Brexit decisions, especially on the Northern Ireland Protocol, with little input from Cabinet. Ministers like Amber Rudd and Philip Hammond disagreed but had little influence, showing the limits of Cabinet debate under a strong PM. This highlighted the limitations of Cabinet debates when the Prime Minister has a firm agenda, showing how Cabinet discussions can sometimes be less inclusive and ineffective in shaping key policy decisions.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet not used to help the PM make decisions? e.g. shaping policy
COUNTERPOINT!!! The Cabinet can sometimes be divided on key policies, resulting in fragmented or unclear policy decisions. Ministers with differing priorities can weaken the ability to implement cohesive, unified strategies.
Brexit and the Cabinet (2019): The Cabinet was divided on Brexit, with ministers like Theresa May, Philip Hammond, and Michael Gove having differing views. This division caused confusion and delays, making it harder for the PM to implement a clear Brexit plan.
Energy and Climate Policy (2023): Rishi Sunak’s Cabinet was split on energy policy, with Grant Shapps pushing for green energy and Jacob Rees-Mogg supporting fossil fuels. This division led to a lack of clear strategy, weakening the government’s message on the UK’s energy future.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How is the cabinet not used to help the PM make decisions? e.g. crisis management
COUNTER-POINT!!! During crises, Cabinet may struggle to make quick or effective decisions, either because of internal divisions or because the PM has already made decisions without sufficient Cabinet input. This can lead to delayed responses or inadequate solutions to pressing issues.
Ukraine War and Cabinet Delays (2022): At the start of the Russia-Ukraine war, Boris Johnson’s Cabinet struggled to agree on military aid and sanctions. This delay in decision-making led to criticisms of the UK’s slow and less decisive response.
Cost of Living Crisis (2022-2023): During the cost of living crisis, Rishi Sunak’s Cabinet was criticized for slow and divided responses. Ministers like Jeremy Hunt pushed for fiscal restraint, while others called for more immediate action, delaying relief and causing public frustration.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen to be a dominant force in politics? e.g. control over agenda/policy direction
The Prime Minister has significant control over the government’s agenda and policy direction. Through their leadership, the PM can set priorities, influence the direction of legislative proposals, and drive key reforms, often shaping the political landscape of the country.
Brexit Negotiations (2019-2020): Boris Johnson dominated the Brexit process, pushing through a revised deal with the EU and reshuffling his Cabinet to align with his hard-Brexit strategy. His strong leadership ensured his vision for Brexit was implemented despite opposition.
Net Zero Policy (2021-2022): Boris Johnson led the UK’s climate action, driving the Net Zero Strategy and shaping discussions at COP26. His leadership pushed ambitious climate targets, despite internal disagreements within his party.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen to be a dominant force in politics? e.g. control over cabinet/ministerial appointments
The Prime Minister has the power to appoint and dismiss Cabinet ministers. This control over ministerial appointments allows the PM to ensure that their policies are supported by the government and helps maintain party unity or control over factions within their party.
Cabinet Reshuffle (2022): After Liz Truss’s resignation, Rishi Sunak reshuffled his Cabinet to align key ministers with his economic policies, appointing Jeremy Hunt as Chancellor. This reshuffle reinforced Sunak’s control and ensured his economic agenda was implemented.
Theresa May’s Brexit Appointments (2016): Theresa May used her Cabinet appointments to guide the UK through Brexit, choosing ministers like Boris Johnson and David Davis to support her vision. This allowed her to maintain control over the Brexit process despite internal challenges.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen to be a dominant force in politics? e.g. dominance in crisis management and decision making
The Prime Minister is often the central figure in responding to national crises, shaping the government’s response, and making key decisions. In times of crises, the PM’s leadership can be decisive in directing policy and public perception.
COVID-19 Pandemic Response (2020-2021): Boris Johnson was the central figure in managing the COVID-19 response, making key decisions on lockdowns and the vaccine rollout. Despite early criticisms, his leadership shaped the UK’s approach to the pandemic, including the delayed lockdown in March 2020.
Russia-Ukraine War (2022): Rishi Sunak took a leading role in responding to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, coordinating military and humanitarian support. His leadership in foreign policy highlighted his ability to make crucial decisions while also addressing domestic issues like the cost of living crisis.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen not to be a dominant force in politics? e.g. limited control over agenda/policy direction
While the PM can set the agenda, they do not always have full control, as policy outcomes are often shaped by Parliament, party factions, and public opinion. The PM can face significant resistance when their vision is at odds with other political forces.
Brexit Negotiations (2019-2020): Despite Boris Johnson’s leadership, he faced strong opposition from Parliament, which had the final say on the Brexit deal. Votes like the December 2020 deal vote showed that parliamentary approval, not the PM, ultimately determined the outcome.
Net Zero Policy (2021-2022): Boris Johnson’s climate policies faced resistance from some members of his own party, particularly the ERG. This internal opposition limited his ability to fully implement the Net Zero Strategy, showing that the PM’s control over policy is not absolute.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen not to be a dominant force in politics? e.g. limited control over cabinet/ministerial appointments
The Prime Minister’s control over Cabinet appointments can be undermined by party dynamics, public opinion, and political pressure. While reshuffles can align the Cabinet with the PM’s vision, ministers often remain powerful figures within their own departments and may resist the PM’s influence.
Cabinet Reshuffle (2022): Rishi Sunak’s 2022 reshuffle aimed at stabilizing his government, but ministers like Jeremy Hunt, despite not being Sunak’s first choice, remained influential. This highlighted the limits of PM control, as some roles required specific individuals, even if they weren’t aligned with Sunak’s political agenda.
Theresa May’s Brexit Appointments (2016): Although Theresa May appointed key figures like David Davis and Boris Johnson for Brexit, she faced constant rebellion within her Cabinet. Disunity and resignations weakened her authority, showing that ministers can act independently, limiting the PM’s control.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen not to be a dominant force in politics? e.g. crisis management and decision making
While the PM plays a central role in managing crises, their decisions can be subject to external pressures, party divisions, and parliamentary scrutiny. The PM’s authority can be challenged when their actions are controversial or fail to gain broad support.
COVID-19 Pandemic Response (2020-2021): Boris Johnson’s handling of the pandemic faced challenges from medical experts, opposition parties, and even his Cabinet. Early lockdown delays and mixed messaging weakened his control over the situation, limiting his dominance.
Russia-Ukraine War (2022): Rishi Sunak’s leadership in supporting Ukraine faced domestic pressures, especially concerning the cost of living crisis. His foreign policy decisions were intertwined with economic issues, showing that domestic concerns can influence the PM’s international actions.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the constitutional differences between President’s and PM’s? e.g. selection method
President (USA): Elected by the public (directly or indirectly) through a national election.
Prime Minister (UK): Appointed by the monarch (in the UK) or head of state based on parliamentary elections, usually the leader of the majority party in Parliament.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the constitutional differences between President’s and PM’s? e.g. role in government
President (USA): The head of state and government in a presidential system, holding executive power and typically overseeing the entire executive branch.
Prime Minister (UK): The head of government in a parliamentary system, leading the executive but separate from the head of state (usually a monarch or ceremonial president).
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
What are the constitutional differences between President’s and PM’s? e.g. power and accountability
President (USA) : Has fixed term limits (e.g., 4 or 5 years) and cannot be easily removed from office by the legislature, unless through impeachment.
Prime Minister (UK): Can be removed by Parliament (through a vote of no confidence) and does not have a fixed term, serving as long as they have majority support in the legislature.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen as acting like a President? e.g. centralisation of executive power
Boris Johnson (2019-2022): Johnson’s leadership during Brexit was highly centralized, with key decisions made by him alone, bypassing Cabinet discussions. This “presidential” style reflected his direct control over the Brexit process.
Theresa May (2016-2019): May also took a personal approach to Brexit, particularly when triggering Article 50, making the decision with little Cabinet input. This showed her executive control, similar to a president’s unilateral decision-making.
Explanation: Both Johnson and May centralized power in the PM’s office, making key national decisions without much Cabinet involvement, similar to a president’s style of leadership.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen as acting like a President? e.g. use of media to shape public opinion
Tony Blair (1997-2007): Blair used the media to communicate directly with the public, especially during the Kosovo and Iraq Wars. His media presence helped him bypass traditional government structures.
Boris Johnson (2019-2022): Johnson also mastered media engagement, using televised addresses and press conferences during Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. This allowed him to control the narrative and often overshadow Cabinet members.
Explanation: Both Blair and Johnson used the media to directly connect with the public, bypassing traditional Cabinet processes, similar to how presidents use media for direct communication.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen as acting like a President? e.g. national security/foreign policy decisions
Tony Blair (1997-2007) – Blair was heavily involved in foreign policy, particularly during the Iraq War. His personal involvement in decision-making on military actions and diplomacy reflected a level of direct control over foreign policy, similar to that of a president.
Boris Johnson (2019-2022) – Johnson played a central role in shaping the UK’s response to international crises, such as supporting Ukraine in its defence against Russia. He took direct control of decisions regarding military aid and foreign diplomacy.
Explanation: Both Blair and Johnson took the lead on foreign policy and national security, often making key decisions personally, which is characteristic of a presidential system where the head of state holds significant sway over international affairs.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen as acting not like a President? e.g. limited power due to collective cabinet responsibility
Counter-argument: The PM, despite holding significant power, must still operate within the framework of collective Cabinet responsibility, where important decisions require collective support, contrasting with the more unilateral decision-making style typical of a president.
Rishi Sunak (2022): Sunak’s handling of the “mini-budget” crisis in 2022 showed his reliance on the Cabinet. After Liz Truss’s resignation, Sunak worked with ministers like Jeremy Hunt to reverse key policies, highlighting his dependence on Cabinet decisions.
Theresa May (2016-2019): During Brexit negotiations, May faced resistance from her Cabinet, which refused to support her deal with the EU. This internal opposition forced her to make compromises, showing how Cabinet responsibility can limit the PM’s power.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen as acting not like a President? e.g. shared decision making
Counter-argument: Even when the PM has significant influence, the Cabinet still plays a key role in major decisions, highlighting the UK’s Cabinet government system rather than presidential-style decision-making.
Boris Johnson (2019-2022): Johnson faced dissent within his Cabinet over issues like Brexit. His decision to suspend Parliament in 2019 was challenged by both Cabinet ministers and the judiciary, showing that important decisions were still shared and contested.
Rishi Sunak (2022-present): Sunak has relied on Cabinet input, especially in managing the cost-of-living crisis. While he sets the agenda, decisions like economic support packages are made through Cabinet consultation, showing a collaborative approach in the UK’s executive branch.
The Prime Minister and the cabinet:
How can be PM be seen as acting not like a President? e.g. checks from Parliament and the opposition
Counter-argument: Unlike presidents, whose powers are often shielded from parliamentary scrutiny, the Prime Minister is constantly checked by the UK Parliament, highlighting the PM’s reliance on parliamentary support.
Boris Johnson (2019-2022): The Partygate scandal showed Johnson was not immune from parliamentary scrutiny. The investigation and his fine over illegal parties forced him to resign, demonstrating that his leadership was held accountable by Parliament.
Theresa May (2016-2019): May’s inability to pass her Brexit deal through Parliament, despite her leadership, showed her power was constantly checked. She faced opposition not only from rival parties but also from her own MPs, limiting her authority.
