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ANHB1101 > Primates > Flashcards

Primates Flashcards

1
Q

How does homology aid us in the study of primates?

A

Shared traits acquired by a common ancestor. Gives more insight into anatomy and behaviour of ancestors through living primates, as opposed to others eg. reptiles.

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2
Q

How does analogy aid us in the study of primates?

A

We can see how evolution shapes adaptations in response to different selection pressures.

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3
Q

How do primates reflect the ‘mosaic nature of evolution’?

A

As primates were spread across nations, 50-60mya, and faced different environmental and selective pressures they have evolved different and not in a linear fashion.

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4
Q

What are ancestral traits shared between primates and humans?

A

Ancestral traits are those inherited from a common ancestor eg. being vertebrates, homeothermic, and having hair

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5
Q

What are derived traits?

A

Newly arising traits, one that a current organism has, and a previous one didn’t

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6
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of primates?

A

Prehensile hands, opposable big toes, stereoscopic vision, reduced olfactory reliance, nails, unspecialised teeth, large brain, small litter size, and prolonged dependency of young.

However, none of these are unique to primates and not all primates possess these.

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7
Q

What are some examples of human traits being different from that of the distinguishing traits of primates?

A

Prehensile hands and feet; out feet aren’t - bipedality

Opposable big toes; we don’t grasp with our toes…

Stereoscopic vision; We have binocular (overlapping), eyes rotated to front to see in 3D and colourful vision

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8
Q

What are some examples of distinguishing traits of primates being shared with human traits?

A

Reduced olfactory reliance; Increased reliance on vision

Nails v claws; nails to protect sensitive skin on fingers and toes

Unspecialised teeth; Not needed for warfare or dietary reqs.

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9
Q

What are the different group of primates?

A

Prosimi, Tarsioidea, Anthropoidea

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10
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of prosimians?

A

PO Bar only

Wet nose and split lip

Dental comb

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11
Q

What are two examples of prosimians and their distinguishing traits?

A

Lemurs (Madagascar): Underwent adaptive radiation (complete isolation from primates elsewhere), lower body temp and metab rate to survive extreme dietary reqs.

Ring-tailed lemur: Highly gregarious, greater reliance on vision yet still high reliance on olfactory system, scent mark vegetation and scent mark tails for territory.

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12
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of tarsioids?

A

PO bar and partial plate

Dental formula 2133/1133

Elongated tarsal bones of foot

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13
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of Anthropoids?

A

PO bar and plate

Nails on all digits

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14
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of the platyrrhini infraorder?

A

Flat nose

Widely separated nostrils

Found in South and Central America

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15
Q

What is the extant superfamily in the infraorder platyrrhini? and some distinguishing traits

A

Cebidae (capuchins); Relatively large body sizes, live socially with varied diet, have culture and traditions.

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16
Q

What are the two extant superfamilies in the infraorder catarrhini?

A

Cercopithecoidea and hominoidea

17
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of the cercopithecoidea superfamily?

A

Nostrils close together

Non-prehensile tail

Bilophodont molars

18
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of the Hominoidea superfamily?

A

Tail absent

Antero/posteriorly flattened thorax

Some Y-5 Molars

19
Q

What are the three families of the Hominoidea superfamily?

A

Hylobatidae, pongidae, and hominidae

20
Q

What is the distinguishing trait of the hylobatidae family?

A

Gibbons; Brachiation as main method of locomotion

21
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of the pongidae family?

A

There are no unique traits.

Gorilla; fist or knuckle walking, sparse body hair, found in borneo and sumatra, quadrumanous

22
Q

What are some distinguishing traits of the hominidae family?

A

Humans; Knuckle walking or bipedal, mixed sex communities

23
Q

What is behavioural ecology?

A

Why different species behave in different ways. A product of natural selection resulting in increased adaptation to ones habitat.

24
Q

What is the effect of socioecology on behaviour?

A

Ones social system is the response to ecological conditions; availability and distribution of resources

25
Q

Effect of survival fitness on behaviour?

A

There is a suite of adaptations to the ecological and social environment; food, co-ordinate male, offspring, avoiding parasites and predators

26
Q

What are the costs and benefits of large groups?

A

Benefits: Lower risk of predation (safety in numbers) and better defence of territory

Costs: Increased comp for resources, increased likelihood of disease, and increased conspicuousness

27
Q

How is the optimal group size achieved?

A

Size reflects the balance of costs and benefits; influenced by social and ecological factors

Female #’s are limited by food due to high metabolic costs of gestation and lactation

Male #’s are limited by # of females

Ecological pressures influence distribution of females and males distribute themselves to maximise access to females

28
Q

What is the relationship between specialisations and diet?

A

Dietary specialisations drive other specialisations such as teeth and body size.

Insectivores are smaller than frugivores while are smaller than folivores; differences in size related to differences in energy reqs

29
Q

What are some specalisations of primates than have come about as a result of their diet?

A

Digestive tract; primates are unable to digest cellulose, and as a result have developed a digestive tract with a microorganism present to digest cellulose

Brain size; frugivore larger than folivore. Need to remember location and phenological status of fruit trees

30
Q

Is there a link between the distribution of resources and territoriality?

A

Yes

Clumped resources; ability to be defended hence high territoriality

Even distribution; egalitarian relationship, difficult to defence

31
Q

What are three types of group distributions? and what is their purpose

A

Scramble; in an even distribution of resources, as the amount of food per individual is inversely proportional to group size

Contest; found in clumped resource distributions, aggressive competition over defensible resources

Fission-fusion; split into sub-groups to later reform, unequally dispersed food, used to reduce food competition through dispersal of small foraging groups

32
Q

What are some types of primate social organisation?

A

Solitary

Pair-bonded

Polyandry (one female)

Polygyny (one male)

Polygynandrous (multi-male)

33
Q

What is a solitary social organisation?

A

Galago or orangutan

Males defend home ranges that ecompass home ranges of several females

34
Q

What is pair-bonded (monogamy) social organisation?

A

Gibbons

Females are dispersed and males associate with one

Often territorial

35
Q

What is a polyandrous social organisation?

A

Marmoset, callitrichids

Several males associate with one female

36
Q

What is a polygynous social organisation?

A

Gorilla

Resident male monopolises reproduction to increase their own reproductive success

Often leads to infanticide; new male kills all offspring not related to him

37
Q

What is a polygynandrous social organisation?

A

Baboons and Chimpanzees

Multiple males and females. Often fission-fusion. Often promiscuous - >1 partner to increase reproductive success

38
Q

Is there a correlation between sexual dimorphism and polygyny?

A

Pronounced body dimorphism is suggestive of high male-male competition

Gibbons are monogamous; male canine = female canine

Gorillas are polygynous; substantial dimorphism in canine length

Humans have mild polygyny; less dimorphic than pre-homo fossil hominins

39
Q

Is there a relationship between testis size and mating system?

A

Yes

Promiscuous mating have much larger testes than single male groups. Competition over mates and sperm competition.

ANHB1101 (4 decks)

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