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ARCL 140 001 > Primate Osteology > Flashcards

Primate Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

28

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2
Q

What is another name for the skull?

A

Cranium

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3
Q

How many bones (on average) are in the human body?

A

206

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4
Q

How many bones (on average) do humans have when we are born?

A

300

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5
Q

How many bones are in the cranium?

A

28

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6
Q

How many paired bones are in the cranium?

A

11

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7
Q

How many unpaired bones are in the cranium?

A

6

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8
Q

What is the Hyoid bone?

A

A U-shaped bone that sits in the neck under the mandible

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9
Q

Does the Hyoid bone articulate with any other bones?

A

No, it is the only bone in the human body that does not articulate with any other bone.

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10
Q

What is attached to the Hyoid bone?

A

The Hyoid bone is encased in a sling of muscles that move the larynx, pharynx, and tongue

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11
Q

What is the Parietal bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is paired and forms the majority of the roof and sides of the neurocranium

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12
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Bones of the cranium that protect the brain

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13
Q

What is another word for neurocranium?

A

Cranial vault

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14
Q

What is the Temporal bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is paired and on the lateral side of the neurocranium.

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15
Q

How many portions is the Temporal bone divided into? What are they?

A
  1. 1) the squamous (flat) portion that forms the lateral side of the neurocranium. 2) the petrous (rock-like) portion that houses the special sense organs of the ear for hearing and balance as well as three tiny bones of the middle ear: incus, malleus, and stapes
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16
Q

What is the Zygomatic bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is paired and forms the anterolateral portion of the cheekbone and contributes to the lateral and inferior wall of the orbit.

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17
Q

What is the Lacrimal bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is small, paired, flat, and forms the anterior portion of the medial wall of the orbit.

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18
Q

What is the (Inferior) Nasal Concha bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is paired and scrolled shape and rests at the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

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19
Q

What is the Nasal bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is small, paired, flat, and rectangular and it forms the bridge of the nose.

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20
Q

What is the Maxillas bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is paired and forms the upper jaw, supports the upper teeth, and form the inferior margin of the cheek.

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21
Q

What is the Palatine bone?

A

One of the 11 paired bones in the cranium. It is a paired L-shape bone that forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, floor of the orbit, and the floor of the lateral walls and nasal cavity.

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22
Q

What is the Malleus bone?

A

a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear.

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23
Q

What is the Incus bone?

A

The middle of the three small bones in the middle ear.

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24
Q

What is the Stapes bone?

A

The smallest bone in the body, located in the middle ear. Damage to this bone could cause partial or complete hearing loss.

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25
Q

What is the Vomer bone? What bone does it articulate with?

A

One of the 6 unpaired bones in the cranium. It is a thin bone that forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum. It articulates with the ethmoid superiorly.

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26
Q

What is the Ethmoid bone?

A

One of the 6 unpaired bones in the cranium. It consists of a median vertical plate that forms part of the bony nasal septum and a horizontal plate (cribriform plate) with many small cribriform foramina (holes) that transmit olfactory nerves

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27
Q

What are Cribriform Foramina?

A

Small openings in the superior plate of the ethmoid that transmit olfactory nerves.

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28
Q

What is the Sphenoid bone?

A

One of the 6 unpaired bones on the cranium. It is butterfly-shaped and forms the central portion of the bottom of the neurocranium.

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29
Q

What are some of the regions the Sphenoid bone can be divided into?

A

The body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes.

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30
Q

What is critical about the Sphenoid bone?

A

It is critical to supporting the brain and several nerves and blood vessels that supply this reason.

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31
Q

What is the Frontal Bone?

A

One of the 6 unpaired bones in the cranium. It consists of two parts: a superior, vertically oriented portion called the squama and an inferior, horizontally oriented portion that forms the roof of the orbit (eye socket)

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32
Q

What is the Occipital bone?

A

One of the 6 unpaired bones in the cranium. It forms the posterior and inferior portions of the neurocranium.

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33
Q

What is the Mandible bone?

A

One of the 6 unpaired bones in the cranium. Unpaired bone with a horizontal (and anteriorly arched) body and a vertical ramus that articulates with the mandibular fossa to form the temporomandibular (jaw) joint. The body of the mandible houses the lower teeth

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34
Q

What regions make up the Mandible bone?

A

The mandibular condyle, ascending ramus, mandibular body, mental eminence, and alveolus.

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35
Q

What is the Mandibular Condyle? What bones does it articulate with?

A

a rounded projection off the anterior and superior aspect of the mandibular ramus. It articulated with temporal (mandibular) fossa of the temporal bone at the temporomandibular (TMJ) joint.

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36
Q

What is the Ascending Ramus?

A

It projects superiorly from the body of the mandible and ascends to one of two features on the superior aspect: coronoid process and mandibular condyle.

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37
Q

What is the Mandibular Body? What bones does it articulate with?

A

It is the largest and strongest bone in the face. It forms the lower jaw and hold the lower teeth. It articulates on either side with the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint.

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38
Q

What is the Mental Eminence?

A

It is the most anteriorly projecting point on the mandible (the chin).

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39
Q

Do males or females have a more prominent mental protuberance?

A

Males

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40
Q

What is the Alveolus?

A

The thick ridge of bone which contains the tooth sockets.

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41
Q

What is the Nasal Aperture?

A

The anterior opening into the nasal cavity.

42
Q

What is the Orbit?

A

Bony cavity that houses the eye and associated structures.

43
Q

What is the Temporal?

A

A (kind of hole) where the ear is.

44
Q

What is the External Auditory Meatus?

A

A passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum membrane of each ear.

45
Q

What is the Mastoid Process?

A

A bony projection from the back of the Temporal bone.

46
Q

What is the Coronal Structure?

A

A joint that connects the frontal bone to the paired parietal bones.

47
Q

What is the Brow Ridge?

A

A nodule or crest of bone situated on the frontal bone of the skull.

48
Q

What is the Temporal Line?

A

Ridges on the parietal bone from attachments of temporalis muscle and fascia.

49
Q

What is the Sagittal Suture?

A

Joint that connects the parietal bones.

50
Q

What is the Lambdoidal Suture?

A

Joint that connects the parietal and occipital bone.

51
Q

What is the External Occipital Protuberance (EOP)?

A

Projection from the occipital superior to nuchal lines.

52
Q

What is the Basilar portion of occipital?

A

It makes up the anterior portion of the foramen magnum on the undersurface of the occipital bone and connects to the Sphenoid bone.

53
Q

What is the Foramen Magnum?

A

The Large opening in the occipital where the spinal cord passes.

54
Q

What is the Occipital Condyle?

A

A unique bony structure connecting the cranium and the vertebral column.

55
Q

What are bones past the cranium known as?

A

Post-cranial bones.

56
Q

What is the Axial skeleton?

A

The Axial skeleton consists of bones from the head and trunk (torso)

57
Q

What main bones are in the Axial skeleton? List from top to bottom.

A

1) Manubrium 2) Sternum 3) Vertebrae 4) Ribs
5) Sacrum 6) Coccyx

58
Q

How many main bones make up the Axial skeleton?

A

6

59
Q

How many regions are there in the Vertebral Column? What are they?

A

5 regions. The seven Cervical vertebrae, the twelve Thoracic vertebrae, the five Lumbar vertebrae, the Sacrum, and the Coccyx.

60
Q

How many vertebrae are there in total?

A

33

61
Q

What is the singular version of vertebrae?

A

Vertebra

62
Q

What are the two distinct cervical vertebrae?

A

1) The atlas 2) the axis

63
Q

Can the Atlas be fused to a portion of the skull?

A

Yes

64
Q

Which vertebrae is the Atlas? The Axis?

A

Atlas is the 1st and Axis is the second

65
Q

How can you identify the Axis?

A

From the dens (or odontoid process) which projects from the axis.

66
Q

What does the Dens (Odontoid Process) articulate and help with?

A

It articulates with the Atlas. Together these create the Atlanto-axial joint for head rotation.

67
Q

What characteristics do the 3rd-7th vertebrae have?

A

The Transverse Foramen which are on either side of the body of the vertebrae. The Vertebral Foramen which is the space in the middle of the vertebrae. And the Spinous Process which is the pointed V shape opposite of the vertebra body. (look at a picture to name where they are).

68
Q

What characteristics to the 12 Thoracic vertebrae have?

A

The Transverse Process, Spinous Process, Costal Facets, Superior Articular Facet, and Vertebral Foramen (the hole) (look at a picture to name where they are).

69
Q

What are the numbers of the Thoracic vertebrae?

A

8-19

70
Q

Are the Thoracic vertebrae bigger or smaller than the Cervical vertebrae?

A

Larger. This is because they need to support more body weight.

71
Q

What animal does Thoracic vertebrae look like?

A

A giraffe.

72
Q

Is the Vertebral Foramen bigger or smaller than in the Thoracic than the Cervical Vertebrae?

A

Smaller

73
Q

What are the Costal Facets for and where are they located?

A

They allow the vertebrae to articulate with the ribs and are located on the body of the vertebrae and the transverse process.

74
Q

What is the Spinous process for and what is its size?

A

The Spinous process is for the vertebrae to overlap with each other and they are long.

75
Q

True or False: each vertebrae only has a superior articular facet.

A

False. Each vertebrae has a superior and anterior articular facet.

76
Q

How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

77
Q

What characteristics do the 5 Lumbar vertebrae have?

A

Transverse Process, Spinous Process, Superior and Anterior articular facet.

78
Q

What is unique about the Lumbar vertebra’s Spinous Process? Are they long?

A

It is rounded. No but they are tall.

79
Q

Are the Lumbar Vertebrae bigger or smaller than the other two vertebrae groups?

A

Bigger since they need to support more weight.

80
Q

What shape does the Lumbar Vertebrae body have?

A

A kidney bean shape.

81
Q

True or False: the Lumbar vertebrae’s superior and anterior articular facets are curved.

A

True.

82
Q

What animal does the Lumbar vertebrae look like?

A

A moose.

83
Q

What is different about the Sacrum?

A

All 4 or 5 of them are fused together.

84
Q

What section is the Sacrum of the Vertebral Column?

A

Section 4.

85
Q

What is the Coccyx?

A

The 5th region of the Vertebral Column.

86
Q

How many vertebrae does the coccyx have and are they fused together?

A

they have 3-5 and yes.

87
Q

What is another name for the Coccyx?

A

Tailbone.

88
Q

What are the first seven ribs known as?

A

The Vertebrosternal Ribs or the “true ribs”

89
Q

Why are the Vertebrosternal ribs known as “true ribs”?

A

Because they attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilage.

90
Q

What are the 8-10th ribs known as and why?

A

The Vertebrochondral Ribs or the “false ribs”. They are called this because they do not directly articulate with the sternum.

91
Q

What are the 11th and 12th ribs called and why are they unique?

A

Floating ribs. They are unique because they do not connect to cartilage.

92
Q

What adaptation causes a wide rib cage?

A

Arboreal adaptation.

93
Q

What is another word for Post-Cranial Skeleton?

A

The Appendicular Skeleton.

94
Q

What are the difference between a human and monkey Scapula placement?

A

Monkeys have them on their sides and humans have them on their backs.

95
Q

What is a Scapula?

A

Shoulder Blade.

96
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Scapula called?

A
  1. Acromion process
  2. Coracoid process
  3. Glenoid process
  4. Spine
97
Q

How many regions do the hands have and what are they?

A
  1. Wrist: 8 carpal bones
  2. Palm: 5 metacarpals
  3. Fingers: 14 phalanges
    (5 proximal, 4 intermediate, 5 distal)
98
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton referring to?

A

The appendages. (look at the slides)

99
Q

How many regions of the foot are there? What are they?

A
  1. tarsus (ankle & proximal half of foot) 7 tarsal bones incl. talus & calcaneus.
  2. metatarsus (body of foot) 5 metatarsals
  3. foot phalanges (toes) 14 phalangeal bones, 5 proximal, 4 intermediate, 5 distal
100
Q

What is another name for the Pelvic Girdle?

A

The Os Coxae.

101
Q

What are the three main parts of the Os Coxae?

A

The Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis.

ARCL 140 001 (11 decks)

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