Primate Cognition & Cerebellum

Question 0

Cerebellum: control theory

Answer 0

Internal models of commands and consequences: proprioceptions.
Stored inside the cerebellum.
Allows unconscious yet skilled movement.

Question 1

Cerebellum gross anatomy

Answer 1

3x layer cortex, 10 lobules
Own cerebellar nuclei structures, Over 50% of 100billion neurons
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculondular lobe

Question 2

Cerebellum

Ugolini & Kuypers (86)

Answer 2

Cortico spinal fibres give collateralised to the pontine nuclei
Could convey types of motor commands to cerebellum to generate predicted sensory movement consequence
Skilled and automotic movement
Inputs from beyond motor cortex

Question 3

Cortico-Cerebellar projections

Glickstein (06)

Answer 3

Cerebellum = motor only
Planning movement / corollary discharge from intended movement
Modest/medial PFC input
None from lateral PFC
BUT - strong medial PFC involvement associated with processing reward

Question 4

Cortico-Cerebellar projections

Schmahman & Pandya (97)

Answer 4

Anterograde tracers, examined pontine nuclei uptake
Projections from motor, parietal cortex and PFC to Pons
99% of Pons connections go to cerebellum
Limitation: inferring only

Question 5

Cortico-pontine loops

Kelly & Strick (03)

Answer 5

Used a virus
Closed PMC loop to cerebellum
PFC projects to Crus 1 and 2
PFC and ventral dendate nucleus also

Question 6

Cortico-pontine loops

Ramnani (06)

Answer 6

PFC - thalamus - cerebellum - pontine
Closed loop
Separate

Question 7

Cerebellum structure

3 cells

Answer 7

Purkinje cells
Parallel fibres
Climbing fibres

Question 8

Cerebellum structure

Marr (96)

Answer 8

Changes in the efficacy of purkinje cell inputs

Some propose climbing fibres convey error signals important for motor learning

Question 9

Cerebellum structure

Albums (71)

Answer 9

High level commands from cortex access low level cerebellar representations: once movements have been learnt, wont be activated anymore

Question 10

Cerebellar plasticity in learning

Answer 10

Evidence of planning in the motor system (cognition?)

Crus 1 and 2 and PFC

Question 11

Cerebellum structure
Neuroimaging - conditional learning
Balsters & Ramnani (08)

Answer 11

When mapping becomes automatic, cerebellum activity changes
Cannot be explained by motor control
Decrease in Crus 2 for learnt rule

Question 12

Cerebellum evolution

Kelly & Strick (03)

Answer 12

Non human primates have multiple parallel loops
Motor / prefrontal to PFC & Crus 1 & 2
And ventral dendate

Question 13

Cerebellum evolution - concerted evolution

Striedter (05)

Answer 13

PFC has extended considerably more than MC

Question 14

Cerebellum evolution - concerted evolution

Matano

Answer 14

Ventral dendate (PFC) evolved more than the dorsal dendate (MC)
Tracked white matter fibres that converge in the cerebral penduncle before the pontine nuclei.
BUT
DTI relies on water diffusion, implausible given PFC expansion and VD

Question 15

Cerebellum evolution
Mosaic hypothesis
Balsters et al (10)

Answer 15

Crus 1&2 should be larger in humans relative to cerebellar lobules connected to MC. Sig difference:
Humans to chimps to capuchins

Question 16

Cerebellar developmental disorders

Cerebellar lesions

Answer 16

Impairment in tower of Hanoi 
Dementia rating
Linguistic processing
Error detection
Personality changes

Question 17

Cerebellar developmental disorders

Autism - Critchley et al (00)

Answer 17

Judge facial expressions

Less L cerbellum activity

Question 18

Cerebellar developmental disorders

Dyslexia

Answer 18

Mango-cellular theory of dyslexia - Stein et al (01)
Mango cellular visual system, timing of visual events
System in impaired, reduced sensitivity to motion
Timing

Question 19

Cerebellar developmental disorders
Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome
Schmahmann & Sherman (89)

Answer 19

N20 cerebellar lesions
Impaired in executive function, spatial cognition, personality, language deficits

Schmahmann (04) dysmetria common in cerebellar SS

Question 20

Crossed cerebellar diaschisis 
Von monokrow (04)

Answer 20

Distant and local info processing damage.