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Anthro 215 Exam 2 > Primate > Flashcards

Primate Flashcards

1
Q

What are the trends of Macroevolution?

A
  • Adaptive radiation: relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches
  • Generalized vs specialized characteristics and the transition from generalized to specialized traits during adaptive radiation
  • Ancestral characteristics tend to be more generalized, while derived may be more specialized (but not always)
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2
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A
  • is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one.
  • Missing links in fossil record would be present as not all fossils showing the trend are yet discovered
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3
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A
  • Uneven, non-gradual process of long stasis and quick spurts
  • Has no missing links as the gaps are real, and evolution pushed by punctuations of rapid environmental changes
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4
Q

Define Homeotic Genes:

A

are master regulator genes that direct the development of particular body segments or structures.

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5
Q

Define Homologies:

A

Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

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6
Q

Define: Analogies

A

similarities between organsims based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent

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7
Q

Define Homoplasy:

A

separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms, such as wings in birds and butterflies

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8
Q

Phylum Chrodata

A

-Primates
-Subphylum - Vertebrates:
vertebral column
developed brain
paired sensory structures for sight, smell and balance
-Gorilla

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9
Q

Monotremes-Prototheria

A

Primitive, egg laying mammals

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10
Q

Marsupials

A

Infants complete development in eternal pouch

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11
Q

Placental

A

Longer gestation allows the central nervous system to develop more completely

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12
Q

Placental circulation

A

-The transfer takes place in thousands of blood pools. The umbilical artery brings part of the fetal blood supply to the fetal capillaries in the placenta where carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse into the maternal capillaries, and oxygen and nutrients move into the fetal blood.

The blood then returns to the fetus through the umbilical veins.

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13
Q

Earliest modern primates

A

58 mya

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14
Q

When did old and new world monkeys derive and follow independent paths of evolution

A

-50 mya

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15
Q

Characteristics of primates

A

-Body hair
-Long gestation followed by live birth –
placental barrier one layer to enhance oxygen and nutrient transfer from mother
-Mammary glands
-Different types of teeth - heterodont
-Maintain constant internal body core temperature - endothermy
-Increased brain size
-Auditory bulla encircles middle ear -A hollow,
prominence of rounded form (in most mammals formed by the
tympanic bone) partly enclosing structures of the middle and inner
ear.
-Capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility, with greater dependence upon learned behavior

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16
Q

Orthograde posture

A

-A tendency towards erect posture, especially in the upper body

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17
Q

Tapetum Lucidum

A
  • a reflecting layer behind the retina and serves to reflect light back to the retina, improving vision in low light conditions
  • (seen in Prosimians only)
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18
Q

Aboreal Hypothesis

A

Arboreal (tree) living was the most important factor in the evolution of primates.
Prehensile hand is adapted to climbing in the trees.
A variety of foods led to the omnivorous diet and generalized dentition.

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19
Q

-visual predetation hypothesis

A

Primates may have first adapted to shrubby forest undergrowth and the lowest tiers of the forest canopy.
Forward facing eyes enabled primates to judge distance when grabbing for insects.
Flowering plants may have influenced primate evolution.

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20
Q

Dietary hypothesis

A

Increase dietary proteins and fats………
differences in fatty acid intake and metabolism
increase in amino acids in proteins
increase absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
cholesterol intake for construction

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21
Q

Expensive tissue hypothesis

A

-higher quality diet–> smaller gut–> larger brain

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22
Q

Prosimians

A 
-The most primitive of the primates.
Characteristics:
Reliance on olfaction
Laterally placed eyes
Shorter gestation and maturation periods
Dental specialization called the "dental comb”
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23
Q

Lemurs

A

-Found on the island of Madagascar and other islands off the coast of Africa.
-Extinct elsewhere in the world.
-Characteristics: Larger lemurs are diurnal and eat vegetable foods: fruit, leaves, buds, and bark.
Smaller lemurs are nocturnal and insectivorous (insect -feeding).
-Habitat in Madagascar= some in moist tropical area, while some in dry desert
-Range in weight from one ounce to 15 pounds
-Greater olfactory ability
Rhinarium (moist fleshy pad at end of nose)
-Longer snout
-Eyes placed more to the side
-Shorter gestation/maturation
-Dental comb
-Grooming or toilet claw
-Lemurs are social animals with long limbs, flexible toes and fingers, and long noses.
-50 species

24
Q

Lorises

A
  • Found in tropical forests and woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Africa.
  • Characteristics:
  • Use a climbing form of quadrupedalism.
  • Some are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs.
  • Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest
  • Nocturnal, therefore able to avoid competition with diurnal monkeys
  • 8 species
  • Frequently forage alone, leaving babies in nest
25
Q

Tarsiers

A
  • Small nocturnal primates found on the islands of southeast Asia.
  • Characteristics: Eat insects and small vertebrates which they catch by leaping from branches.
  • Basic social pattern appears to be a family unit consisting of a mated pair and their offspring.
  • 5 recognized species on Islands off SE Asia in tropical forest (Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra)
  • Longest singular fossil record of any primate
  • Nocturnal, insectivore, Leapers – big time
  • Form stable pair bonds and make social unit with their offspring
  • Cannot rotate eyes and are immobile in socket, so they rotate head 180°
  • Tapedum Lucidum
  • Fovea of the eye, in center of macula, responsible for sharp, central vision
26
Q

Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, and humans)

A
  • Common traits:
  • Larger brain and body size
  • Reduced reliance on the sense of smell
  • Greater degree of color vision
  • Bony plate at the back of the eye socket
  • Different female reproductive anatomy
  • Longer gestation and maturation periods
  • Fused mandible
27
Q

Monkeys

A

-Represent about 70% of all primate species.
-Divided into two groups separated by geography and several million years of evolutionary history:
New world monkeys
Old world monkeys

28
Q

-Platyrrhini –new world monkeys

A

Flat nose, with side facing nostrils
Nocturnal, arboreal
Prehensile tails

29
Q

-Catarrhini– all old world monkeys

A

-Narrow nose, with nostrils pointing down
-Diurnal
-No prehensile tail
-Almost exclusively arboreal.
-Found in southern Mexico and central and south America.
Two families: Callitrichidae and Cebid
Habitats range from tropical forests to semiarid desert to snow-covered areas in Japan and china.
Characteristics:
Most quadrupedal and arboreal
All belong to the Cercopithecidae family:
Divided into subfamilies, the cercopithecines and the colobines.

30
Q

Callitrichidae

A
  • Give birth to twins
  • Live in families composed of a mated pair or a female and two adult males, plus the offspring.
  • Males are involved with infant care.
31
Q

Cebid

A
  • Possess prehensile tails.
  • Most live in groups of both sexes and all ages.
  • Others live as monogamous pairs with subadult offspring.
32
Q

Cebidae

A 
12-24 inches long
Opposable hallux 
Curved nails
 2,1,3,3 dental formula
Short rostrum (snout)

(Howler Monkey)

33
Q

Atelidae

A

Larger of the monkeys
Have hairless prehensile tail with tactile pad
Spider Monkey
Woolly Monkey
Lives more in groups in the rainforests of South America

34
Q

Probiscis

A
  • The proboscis monkey is a large tree-dwelling primate found exclusively in Borneo
  • best known for the long noses of the males, thought to be related to mating —to attract females
  • large protruding belly that is thought to stick out so much due to the proboscis monkey’s diet and complex digestion system
  • male twice size of female
35
Q

Vervet calls

A
  • The vervet monkey uses different sounds to warn of different types of predators. It has distinct calls to warn of the sighting of a leopard, a snake, or an eagle.
  • The young appear to have an innate tendency to make these alarm calls, and adult monkeys seem to give positive reinforcement when the young make the right call, by repeating the alarm. Mothers have been reported to punish young giving the wrong call.
36
Q

Hominidae

A

-Apes and humans
-Characteristics distinguishing hominoids from monkeys:
Larger body size
Absence of a tail
Shortened trunk
More complex behavior
More complex brain and enhanced cognitive abilities
Increased period of infant development and dependency

37
Q

Hylobatidae

A
  • Gibbons and siamangs
  • Found in the tropical areas of southeast Asia.
  • Adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches.
  • Diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and insects.
  • Basic social unit is a monogamous pair and their offspring.
  • Males and females delineate their territories with whoops and “songs”.
38
Q

Pogo pygmaeus

A

-Orangutan
-Only Ape found in heavily forested areas of Borneo and Sumatra.
-Almost completely arboreal.
-Large
males = 200 pounds
females = 100 pounds
-Pronounced sexual dimorphism.
-Solitary in the wild
-Principally frugivorous (fruit-eating) – weight of animal prevents many from being in same trees –

39
Q

Gorillas

A
  • Largest of the living primates.
  • Confined to forested regions of central Africa.
  • Males can weigh up to 400 pounds, females 200 pounds. 5’5” to 5’9”
  • Primarily terrestrial, using a posture called “knuckle –walking”.
  • Groups consist of one large silverback male, a few adult females, and their subadult offspring.
  • Fairly passive: displays include chest thumping
  • Troops tend to be made of one adult male or silverback, multiple adult females, and their offspring
  • Ground dwelling
  • herbivorous
40
Q

Pan Troglodytes

A
  • Chimpanzees
  • Found in equatorial Africa.
  • Anatomically similar to gorillas particularly in limb proportions and upper-body shape.
  • Locomotion includes knuckle-walking on the ground and communities of as many as 50 individuals.
  • Males 75-155 lbs/females 57-100 lbs 3-4 ft
  • Very aggressive/ hunters
  • Lives 40 years (wild) and 60 years (captivity)
41
Q

Pan paniscus or Pygmy chimp

A
  • Bonobos
  • Only found in an area south of the Zaire river.
  • Population is believed to only number a few thousand individuals.
  • Exploit the same foods as chimps, including occasional small mammals.
  • Male-female bonds constitute the societal core
  • Males can be very hostile
  • Sex used to appease, bond, ease tension, make alliances.
  • Less aggressive and hot tempered than chimpanzees
  • Matriarchal society
  • Females disperse to other groups
  • Females form alliances with other non-related females
42
Q

Human and Chimp Chromosomes

A
  • Human chromosome2 has banding patterns that correspond to chimpanzee chromosomes 12 and 13.
  • This suggests that human chromosome 2 resulted from the fusion of ape chromosomesduring the course ofhominid evolution.
43
Q

Importance of primate studies

A
  • Modern African apes and humans last shared a common ancestor between 5 and 8 m.y.a.
  • Only within the last 4 decades have nonhuman primates been studied.
  • Many species, such as arboreal monkeys have scarcely been studied at all.
44
Q

Environmental factors impacting primates

A
  • Quality and quantity of foods
  • Distribution of food resources, water, predators and sleeping sites
  • Activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal)
  • Relationship with other species
  • Impact of human activities
  • Environmental factors influence on group size and structure.
  • Multimale and multifemale groups have an advantage when predation pressure is high.
  • Adult males may join forces to attack predators.
  • Savannah baboons have been known to kill domestic dogs and attack leopards and lions.
  • Solitary foraging may be due to distribution of resources or predator avoidance.
45
Q

Evolutionary perspective on primate behavior

A
  • Natural selection acts on behavior just as it acts on physical characteristics.
  • Behavior is a phenotypic expression and genes code for specific behaviors.
  • Natural selection has a role in shaping primate behavior.

critics:
Little data on:
The social behavior of large groups of animals.
Genetic relatedness through the male line.
Assigning reproductive costs and benefits to particular behaviors.
The genetics of primate social behavior

46
Q

Anthropomorphizing

A

is a term coined in the mid 1700s: to refer to any attribution of human characteristics (or characteristics assumed to belong only to humans) to non-human animals or non-living things, phenomena, material states and objects or abstract concepts

47
Q

Factors that influence status

A 
Sex
Age
Aggression
Time in the group
Intelligence
Motivation
Mother’s social position.
48
Q

Communication in primates

A

Raised body hair is an example of an autonomic response.
Vocalizations and branch shaking are examples of deliberate communication.
Reassurance is communicated through hugging or holding hands.
The fear grin, seen in all primates, indicates fear and submission.
Displays communicate emotional states.

49
Q

Affliative Behaviors

A

Grooming reinforces social bonds.
Hugging, kissing and grooming are all forms used in reconciliation.
Relationships are crucial to nonhuman primates and the bonds between individuals can last a lifetime.

50
Q

Patterns of reproduction and reproductive strategies

A

-In most primate societies, sexual behavior is tied to the female’s reproductive cycle.
- Permanent bonding is not common among nonhuman primates.
-Male and female Bonobos may mate even when the female is not in estrus, a behavior that is not typical of chimpanzees.
-Behavioral patterns that contribute to individual reproductive success.
-Primates produce only a few young in whom they invest a tremendous amount of parental care. (k –selected)
Male competition for mates and mate choice in females are both examples of sexual selection.

51
Q

Define Behavior

A
  • Anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli.
  • The response of an individual, group, or species to its environment.
  • Such responses may or may not be deliberate and they aren’t necessarily the results of conscious decision making.
  • Based upon plasticity, or capacity of animals to modify their actions in response to differing circumstances
52
Q

Define Behavioral ecology

A

An approach that focuses on the relationship between behaviors, the natural environment, and biological traits of the species.
Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved together.
Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are subject to natural selection the same way physical characteristics are.

53
Q

Factors that influence social structure

A
  • Body Size:
  • Larger animals require fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals.
  • Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy requirements are less than for smaller animals.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet:
Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR than larger ones.
Consequently, smaller primates require an energy-rich diet high in protein, fats, and carbohydrates, while some larger primates may do well on huge quantities of leaves

Distribution of Resources:
Leaves can be abundant will support large groups of animals.
Fruits and nuts occur in clumps. These can most efficiently be exploited by smaller groups of animals.
Some species that rely on foods distributed in small clumps tend to be protective of resources, especially if their feeding area is small enough to be defended.

Predation:

  • Primates are vulnerable to many types of predators, including snakes,birds of prey, leopards, wild dogs, lions, and even other primates.
  • Where predation pressure is high, large communities are advantageous.
  • These may be multimale-multifemale groups or congregations of one-male groups.

-Relationships with Other, Nonpredatory Species:
-Many primate species associate with other primate and nonprimate species for various reasons, including predator avoidance.
-While sharing habitats, they exploit
different resources within that habitat

-Dispersal:
Members of one sex leave the group in which they were born when they become sexually mature.
Individuals who leave find mates outside their natal group, so dispersal is believed to decrease the likelihood of close inbreeding.
Males most commonly leave their group, however, in chimps, mountain gorillas, colobus, and some baboons, it may be the female who moves

Life Histories:
Life history traits are characteristics or developmental stages that typify members of a species and influence reproductive rates.
Examples: length of gestation, length of time between pregnancies, period of infant dependency and age at weaning, age of sexual maturity, and life expectancy.
Short hx advantageous to species in unpredictable habitats, while long life hx suited to stable environments (ie Gorillas)

Distribution and Types of Sleeping Sites:
Gorillas are the only nonhuman primates that sleep on the ground.
Primate sleeping sites can be in trees or on cliff faces, and their spacing can be related to social structure, predator avoidance, and how many sleeping sites are available.

Activity Patterns:
Nocturnal species tend to forage for food alone or in groups of two or three and many use concealment to avoid predators. (ie Tarsier and other Prosimians)

Human Activities:
Virtually all nonhuman primate populations are impacted by human hunting and forest clearing.
These activities disrupt and isolate groups, reduce numbers, reduce resource availability, and eventually can cause extinction.

54
Q

Sexual Selection

A

A type of natural selection that operates on one sex, usually males.
Long-term, this increases the frequency of traits that lead to greater success in acquiring mates.
Sexual selection in primates is most common in species in which mating is polygynous and male competition for females is prominent.
Sexual selection produces dimorphism with regard to a number of traits, most noticeably body size.

55
Q

Primate language

A
  • Nonhuman animals haven’t been considered capable of communicating about external events, objects, or other animals.
  • It has been assumed that nonhuman animals use a closed system of communication, where vocalizations don’t include references to specific external phenomena.
  • These views have been challenged:
  • Vervet monkeys use specific vocalizations to refer to particular categories of predators, such as snakes, birds of prey, and leopards.
  • Other studies have demonstrated that numerous nonhuman primates produce distinct calls that have specific references
  • These calls are recognized by other species

Anthro 215 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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