primary productivity, gases & nutrients Flashcards
(97 cards)
0
Q
o2 and co2 important for
A
life processes
1
Q
Major gases
A
N2, o2, co2
2
Q
primary productivity (autotrophs) the conversion of…
A
inorganic compounds into organic ones
3
Q
photosynthesis uses
A
solar radiation
4
Q
99.9 percent of the oceans biomass relies directly or indirectly on ______ for food
A
photosynthesis
5
Q
photosynthesis = water (h2o) + carbon dioxide (co2). —->
A
sugar (ch2o) + oxygen (o2)
6
Q
what formulation takes place in photosynthesis?
A
an organic compound
7
Q
photosynthesis gives off
A
oxygen
8
Q
at least half of photosynthesis takes place…
A
in the ocean
9
Q
when the process of photosynthesis is reversed, what happens?
A
the high energy bonds that were formed during construction of the carbohydrate are broken
10
Q
in reversed photosynthesis, WHAY is the energy of the bond used to do?
A
to run the organism
11
Q
the reverse process of photosynthesis is known as
A
oxidative respiration
12
Q
do all organism respire?
A
yes
13
Q
in respiration, sugar and oxygen —->
A
water + carbon dioxide. heat energy is released.
14
Q
in secondary productivity (heterotroph) there is a transfer of…
A
organic compounds from one tropic level to another
15
Q
photosynthesis and plant growth can take place only in the…
A
photic zone
16
Q
respire occurs _______ the ocean
A
throughout
17
Q
at the surface, the abundant gas is
A
oxygen
18
Q
~200 - ~1000m oxygen goes _____ and carbon dioxide goes ____
A
down, up
19
Q
1000 - 4000m oxygen goes _______ ______, co2 continues to ____
A
up slightly. rise.
20
Q
primary nutrients are substances consumed in ______ growing through _____
A
phytoplankton, photosynthesis
21
Q
primary nutrients are ____ by phytoplankton decay through ____
A
released, respiration
22
Q
4 important elements
A
phosphorous, nitrogen, carbon and silicon.
23
Q
the _____ of living organisms are composed of carbon, hydrogen and ______
A
tissues, oxygen.
24
many organisms have skeletons composed of _____, (. )
silica (calcium carbonate)
25
What are some factors affecting primary productivity?
1. nutrient availability *biogeochemical cycling
* upwelling
* productivity in tropical oceans
* equatorial upwelling
* coastal upwelling
* high-latitude regions
* polar ocean productivity
* temperate ocean productivity
26
most nutrients are available from
river run off
27
nutrient productivity is high along
continental margins
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biogeochemical cycling is the flow of.
nutrients
29
matter does not ____ (as energy does) - cycled from one ____ to another
dissipate, chemical
30
in upwelling there is diverging _______
surface water
31
in upwelling, the _____ surface waters allow for _____ movement of _____, nutrient rich water to the surface
diverging, vertical, cold
32
is there a high or low biological productivity in upwelling?
High
33
in tropical oceans, what is a barrier to vertical mixing?
permanent thermocline.
34
is there a high or low rate of primary productivity in tropical oceans? why?
low - lack of nutrients
35
is there high or low primary productivity in areas of equatorial upwelling? how about coastal?
high for both
36
in equatorial upwelling, what is the name of the transport that causes surface water _____ of the equator to veer...(left or right?)
ekman transport.
north.
right.
37
in equatorial upwelling, what direction does water south of the equator veer?
right
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in equatorial upwelling, what does ekman transport result in?
divergence of the surface waters that causes upwelling
39
in coastal upwelling, where does Ekman transport move the surface water?
offshore
40
What happens when ekman transport moved the surface water in coastal upwelling?
cool, nutrient rich water comes up to replace displaced surface waters
41
where does upwelling and downwelling occur?
high latitude regions
42
why does upwelling and downwelling occur in high-latitude regions?
no pynocline, no thermocline
43
high - latitude regions allows for the _______ (vertical or horizontal?) mixing between surface and deep waters.
vertical
44
in high latitude regions is there high or low productivity?
high
45
in polar oceans, what is the winter like? and the summer? what does this allow to happen?
darkness in winter, sunlight in summer. phytoplanktons (diatoms) bloom - zooplankton productivity follows.
46
temperate ocean productivity is limited by what 2 things?
sunlight and nutrients
47
how is the productivity of temperate oceans in the winter? why?
low - a lot of nutrients but little sunlight.
48
how is the productivity of temperate zones in the spring? why?
high - spring bloom.
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how is the seasonal productivity of temperate zones in the summer? why?
low - few nutrients, abundant sunlight
50
how is the productivity of the temperate zones in the autumn? why?
High - fall bloom
51
does temperature increase or decreases with depth? why?
decrease - the thermocline - water becomes isothermic when it reaches 3 degrees Celsius. because of less solar heat and because mixing does not occur below a certain point.
52
does salinity increase or decrease with depth? why?
increase - waters from lake and run off can dilute the surface water
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does oxygen increase or decrease with depth? why?
decrease - lack of photosynthesis and less nutrients.
54
does nitrate increase or decrease with depth? why?
increase - organic decay
55
currents along the western side of the northern oceans have what qualifies? (narrow or wide? fast or sluggish? shallow or deep?)
how about the eastern side?
west = deep, fast, narrow
east = sluggish, shallow, wide
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cities at the middle of the equator need to move faster or slower?
faster
57
why are winds deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere?
eastward rotation of the earth on it's axis deflects the moving air to the right due to earths rotation. different velocity at different latitudes.
58
when warm air rises and falls it creates pockets of...
air cells.
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what is the only current that completely circumscribes the earth?
Westwind drift
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air ______ (rises or sinks) at the equator (_____ high or low) pressure
rises, low.
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air ____ (rises or sinks?) at the poles. ____(high or low?) pressure.
sinks, high.
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air flows from ______ to ______ pressure.
high to low
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greatest corialis effect where? (equators or poles?)
poles
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zero corialis effect at
the equator
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how many circulation cells are there?
3
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which cell is at 0 - 30 degrees latitude?
Hadley
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which cell is at 30-60 degrees latitude?
ferrel
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which cell is at 60- 90 degrees latitude?
polar
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are currents at the surface or deep below?
both
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surface currents occur above what?
the pynocline
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What are large, circular loops of moving water called?
Gyres
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where do gyres flow around?
the periphery of the ocean basin
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the ekman spiral describes the _____ and _____ of seawater flow at different _____
speed and direction ... depths
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ekman transport is the average movement under the influence of ____
wind
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ekman transport is how many degrees to the right or left of the wind in it's given atmosphere?
90 degrees
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What does ekman transport do within gyres?
pile up water
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geostrophic flow is the balance of what and what?
coriolis effect and gravitational Forces
78
there are how many subtropical gyres? what are their names?
5
North Atlantic, south Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian Ocean
79
currents within gyres are subdivided into how many interconnected currents?
4
80
when the flow of a current within a gyre is blocked by a continent, what does it do?
currents turn clockwise to complete the circuit
81
the equatorial current is driven by what winds? what does it pick up?
trade winds, picks up heat
82
western boundary currents are where? what coast of continents? where do they move warm water? how are the waters?
western boundaries of ocean basins. east coast of continents. moves warm water poleward. narrow, fast and deep.
83
examples of western boundary currents?
Gulf Stream and Japan current
84
in northern or southern boundary currents, where direction is the flow across the water basin?
easterly
85
what are the northern and southern boundary currents driven by?
prevailing westerlies
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eastern boundary currents are on what coast of continents? what kind of water do they carry and to where? what is the water like?
west. carry cold water equatorward. water is shallow, broad and slow.
87
what are some examples of eastern boundary currents?
California current and Canary current.
88
which solar beam covers greater surface area of the earth?
polar area
89
which area would the solar beam have to travel through a greater amount of atmosphere?
polar area
90
in which area is more of the sunlight absorbed and is therefore cooler?
poles
91
What two factors control the salinity of seawater?
precipitation and evaporation
92
does the pacific or Atlantic Ocean have a higher average salinity?
Atlantic
93
salinity ______ with depth in equatorial regions
decreases
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salinity _____ with depth in polar regions
increases
95
the salinity of ocean water ______ below the halocine
remains fairly constant
96
the highest surface densities occurs where? w
polar regions
