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Oceanography > primary productivity, gases & nutrients > Flashcards

primary productivity, gases & nutrients Flashcards

0
Q

o2 and co2 important for

A

life processes

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1
Q

Major gases

A

N2, o2, co2

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2
Q

primary productivity (autotrophs) the conversion of…

A

inorganic compounds into organic ones

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3
Q

photosynthesis uses

A

solar radiation

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4
Q

99.9 percent of the oceans biomass relies directly or indirectly on ______ for food

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

photosynthesis = water (h2o) + carbon dioxide (co2). —->

A

sugar (ch2o) + oxygen (o2)

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6
Q

what formulation takes place in photosynthesis?

A

an organic compound

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7
Q

photosynthesis gives off

A

oxygen

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8
Q

at least half of photosynthesis takes place…

A

in the ocean

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9
Q

when the process of photosynthesis is reversed, what happens?

A

the high energy bonds that were formed during construction of the carbohydrate are broken

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10
Q

in reversed photosynthesis, WHAY is the energy of the bond used to do?

A

to run the organism

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11
Q

the reverse process of photosynthesis is known as

A

oxidative respiration

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12
Q

do all organism respire?

A

yes

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13
Q

in respiration, sugar and oxygen —->

A

water + carbon dioxide. heat energy is released.

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14
Q

in secondary productivity (heterotroph) there is a transfer of…

A

organic compounds from one tropic level to another

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15
Q

photosynthesis and plant growth can take place only in the…

A

photic zone

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16
Q

respire occurs _______ the ocean

A

throughout

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17
Q

at the surface, the abundant gas is

A

oxygen

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18
Q

~200 - ~1000m oxygen goes _____ and carbon dioxide goes ____

A

down, up

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19
Q

1000 - 4000m oxygen goes _______ ______, co2 continues to ____

A

up slightly. rise.

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20
Q

primary nutrients are substances consumed in ______ growing through _____

A

phytoplankton, photosynthesis

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21
Q

primary nutrients are ____ by phytoplankton decay through ____

A

released, respiration

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22
Q

4 important elements

A

phosphorous, nitrogen, carbon and silicon.

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23
Q

the _____ of living organisms are composed of carbon, hydrogen and ______

A

tissues, oxygen.

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24
Q

many organisms have skeletons composed of _____, (. )

A

silica (calcium carbonate)

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25
Q

What are some factors affecting primary productivity?

A
  1. nutrient availability *biogeochemical cycling
    * upwelling
    * productivity in tropical oceans
    * equatorial upwelling
    * coastal upwelling
    * high-latitude regions
    * polar ocean productivity
    * temperate ocean productivity
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26
Q

most nutrients are available from

A

river run off

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27
Q

nutrient productivity is high along

A

continental margins

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28
Q

biogeochemical cycling is the flow of.

A

nutrients

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29
Q

matter does not ____ (as energy does) - cycled from one ____ to another

A

dissipate, chemical

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30
Q

in upwelling there is diverging _______

A

surface water

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31
Q

in upwelling, the _____ surface waters allow for _____ movement of _____, nutrient rich water to the surface

A

diverging, vertical, cold

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32
Q

is there a high or low biological productivity in upwelling?

A

High

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33
Q

in tropical oceans, what is a barrier to vertical mixing?

A

permanent thermocline.

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34
Q

is there a high or low rate of primary productivity in tropical oceans? why?

A

low - lack of nutrients

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35
Q

is there high or low primary productivity in areas of equatorial upwelling? how about coastal?

A

high for both

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36
Q

in equatorial upwelling, what is the name of the transport that causes surface water _____ of the equator to veer…(left or right?)

A

ekman transport.

north.

right.

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37
Q

in equatorial upwelling, what direction does water south of the equator veer?

A

right

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38
Q

in equatorial upwelling, what does ekman transport result in?

A

divergence of the surface waters that causes upwelling

39
Q

in coastal upwelling, where does Ekman transport move the surface water?

A

offshore

40
Q

What happens when ekman transport moved the surface water in coastal upwelling?

A

cool, nutrient rich water comes up to replace displaced surface waters

41
Q

where does upwelling and downwelling occur?

A

high latitude regions

42
Q

why does upwelling and downwelling occur in high-latitude regions?

A

no pynocline, no thermocline

43
Q

high - latitude regions allows for the _______ (vertical or horizontal?) mixing between surface and deep waters.

A

vertical

44
Q

in high latitude regions is there high or low productivity?

A

high

45
Q

in polar oceans, what is the winter like? and the summer? what does this allow to happen?

A

darkness in winter, sunlight in summer. phytoplanktons (diatoms) bloom - zooplankton productivity follows.

46
Q

temperate ocean productivity is limited by what 2 things?

A

sunlight and nutrients

47
Q

how is the productivity of temperate oceans in the winter? why?

A

low - a lot of nutrients but little sunlight.

48
Q

how is the productivity of temperate zones in the spring? why?

A

high - spring bloom.

49
Q

how is the seasonal productivity of temperate zones in the summer? why?

A

low - few nutrients, abundant sunlight

50
Q

how is the productivity of the temperate zones in the autumn? why?

A

High - fall bloom

51
Q

does temperature increase or decreases with depth? why?

A

decrease - the thermocline - water becomes isothermic when it reaches 3 degrees Celsius. because of less solar heat and because mixing does not occur below a certain point.

52
Q

does salinity increase or decrease with depth? why?

A

increase - waters from lake and run off can dilute the surface water

53
Q

does oxygen increase or decrease with depth? why?

A

decrease - lack of photosynthesis and less nutrients.

54
Q

does nitrate increase or decrease with depth? why?

A

increase - organic decay

55
Q

currents along the western side of the northern oceans have what qualifies? (narrow or wide? fast or sluggish? shallow or deep?)

how about the eastern side?

A

west = deep, fast, narrow

east = sluggish, shallow, wide

56
Q

cities at the middle of the equator need to move faster or slower?

A

faster

57
Q

why are winds deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere?

A

eastward rotation of the earth on it’s axis deflects the moving air to the right due to earths rotation. different velocity at different latitudes.

58
Q

when warm air rises and falls it creates pockets of…

A

air cells.

59
Q

what is the only current that completely circumscribes the earth?

A

Westwind drift

60
Q

air ______ (rises or sinks) at the equator (_____ high or low) pressure

A

rises, low.

61
Q

air ____ (rises or sinks?) at the poles. ____(high or low?) pressure.

A

sinks, high.

62
Q

air flows from ______ to ______ pressure.

A

high to low

63
Q

greatest corialis effect where? (equators or poles?)

A

poles

64
Q

zero corialis effect at

A

the equator

65
Q

how many circulation cells are there?

A

3

66
Q

which cell is at 0 - 30 degrees latitude?

A

Hadley

67
Q

which cell is at 30-60 degrees latitude?

A

ferrel

68
Q

which cell is at 60- 90 degrees latitude?

A

polar

69
Q

are currents at the surface or deep below?

A

both

70
Q

surface currents occur above what?

A

the pynocline

71
Q

What are large, circular loops of moving water called?

A

Gyres

72
Q

where do gyres flow around?

A

the periphery of the ocean basin

73
Q

the ekman spiral describes the _____ and _____ of seawater flow at different _____

A

speed and direction … depths

74
Q

ekman transport is the average movement under the influence of ____

A

wind

75
Q

ekman transport is how many degrees to the right or left of the wind in it’s given atmosphere?

A

90 degrees

76
Q

What does ekman transport do within gyres?

A

pile up water

77
Q

geostrophic flow is the balance of what and what?

A

coriolis effect and gravitational Forces

78
Q

there are how many subtropical gyres? what are their names?

A

5

North Atlantic, south Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian Ocean

79
Q

currents within gyres are subdivided into how many interconnected currents?

A

4

80
Q

when the flow of a current within a gyre is blocked by a continent, what does it do?

A

currents turn clockwise to complete the circuit

81
Q

the equatorial current is driven by what winds? what does it pick up?

A

trade winds, picks up heat

82
Q

western boundary currents are where? what coast of continents? where do they move warm water? how are the waters?

A

western boundaries of ocean basins. east coast of continents. moves warm water poleward. narrow, fast and deep.

83
Q

examples of western boundary currents?

A

Gulf Stream and Japan current

84
Q

in northern or southern boundary currents, where direction is the flow across the water basin?

A

easterly

85
Q

what are the northern and southern boundary currents driven by?

A

prevailing westerlies

86
Q

eastern boundary currents are on what coast of continents? what kind of water do they carry and to where? what is the water like?

A

west. carry cold water equatorward. water is shallow, broad and slow.

87
Q

what are some examples of eastern boundary currents?

A

California current and Canary current.

88
Q

which solar beam covers greater surface area of the earth?

A

polar area

89
Q

which area would the solar beam have to travel through a greater amount of atmosphere?

A

polar area

90
Q

in which area is more of the sunlight absorbed and is therefore cooler?

A

poles

91
Q

What two factors control the salinity of seawater?

A

precipitation and evaporation

92
Q

does the pacific or Atlantic Ocean have a higher average salinity?

A

Atlantic

93
Q

salinity ______ with depth in equatorial regions

A

decreases

94
Q

salinity _____ with depth in polar regions

A

increases

95
Q

the salinity of ocean water ______ below the halocine

A

remains fairly constant

96
Q

the highest surface densities occurs where? w

A

polar regions

Oceanography (1 decks)

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