Primary Healthcare Flashcards
- a whole-of-society approach to effectively organize and strengthen national health systems to bring services for health and wellbeing closer to communities.
- enables health systems to support a person’s health needs – from health promotion to disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliative care, and more.
primary health care
3 components of primary healthcare
- Integrated health services to meet people’s health needs throughout their lives.
- Addressing the broader determinants of health through multisectoral policy and action.
- Empowering individuals, families and communities to take charge of their own health.
- widely regarded as the most inclusive, equitable and cost-effective way to achieve universal health coverage.
- ensures that health care is delivered in a way that is centered on people’s needs and respects their preferences.
- key to strengthening the resilience of health systems to prepare for, respond to, and recover from shocks and crises.
primary health care
The principles of primary health care were first outlined in the_____________in 1978, a seminal milestone in global health.
Declaration of Alma-ata
Forty years later, global leaders ratified the___________at the GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON PRIMARY HEALTH CAREwhich took place in Astana, Kazakhstan in October 2018.
Declaration of Astana
The following year, at the____________________, countries declared their commitment to “expand the delivery of and prioritize primary health care as a cornerstone of a sustainable people-centered, community-based and integrated health system and the foundation for achieving universal health coverage.”
UN high-level meeting on universal health coverage
Rationale for Adopting Primary Health Care
Magnitude of Health Problems
Inadequate and unequal distribution of health resources
Increasing cost of medical care
Isolation of health care activities from other development activities
2 Goals of primary health care
1.) HEALTH FOR ALL FILIPINOS by the year 2000 AND HEALTH IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE by the year 2020.
2.) An improved state of health and quality of life for all people attained through SELF RELIANCE.
permeate as the core strategy in the effective provision of essential health services that are community-based, accessible, acceptable, and sustainable, at a cost, which the community and the government can afford.
Partnership with and Empowerment of the people
Give only 5 Objectives of Primary Health Care:
- Improvement in Basic Sanitation
- Favorable population growth structure
- Improvement in the level of health care of the community
- Development of the capability of the community aimed at self-reliance.
- Reduction in the prevalence of preventable, communicable and other disease.
Principles of Primary Health Care
- 4 A’s = Accessibility, Availability, Affordability & Acceptability, Appropriateness of health services
- Community Participation
- Self- reliance
- Social mobilization
- Decentralization
Elements of Primary Health Care:
- Education
- Nutrition
- Immunization
- Treatment
- Maternal and Child Health
- amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community.
- also called baseline.
Endemic disease
often sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in a specific area.
Epidemic Disease
epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents and affects many people.
Pandemic Disease
Major Strategies of Primary Health Care
- Elevating Health to a Comprehensive and Sustained National Effort
- Promoting and Supporting Community Managed Health Care
- Increasing Efficiencies in the Health Sector
- Advancing Essential National Health Research
Four Pillars in Primary Health Care
- Active Community Participation
- Intra and Inter-sectoral Linkages
- Use of Appropriate Technology
- Support mechanism made available
A health system consists of all organizations, people, and actions whose primary intent is to _____, ______, or ______.
promote, restore, or maintain health.
means that every government must have strategic policy frameworks, and these are combined with effective oversight, coalition building, regulation, attention to system design, and accountability
Stewardship involves leadership and governance.
In 2019, the __________, or Republic Act ____, was signed and the planned implementation in January 2020 was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic
Philippine Universal Health Care Act (UHC)
RA 11223
The 2019 Act was crafted to meet the universal health coverage (UHC) goals of _____, _____, and _____.
effectiveness
quality
affordability
Chairperson of the Senate health committee.
As panel chair, he was tasked to sponsor and defend the bill in plenary.
Ejercito
senators who filed UHC bills
Ralph Recto
Leila de Lima
Juan Edgardo Angara
Nancy Binay
Cynthia Villar
Risa Hontiveros
Ejercito
Of the 7 senators, it was _____ who had pushed for the UHC bill since the 15th Congress.
Ralph Recto
The Philippine UHC Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. ___ and House Bill No. ____ was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives on _________.
It was approved on _______
Senate Bill No. 1896 and House Bill No. 5784
December 10, 2018.
Approved: February 20, 2019
levels of health care facilities
primary health care facilities
secondary
tertiary
give 5 primary health care facilities
chest clinics
animal bite centers
rural health unit
puericulture centers
tuberculosis clinics and hospitals
Smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals including emergency room and regional hospitals.
Services offered to patients with symptomatic stages of disease, which require moderately specialized knowledge and technical resources for adequate treatment.
secondary health care facility
Highly technological services offered by medical centers and large hospitals.
Specialized National Hospitals
tertiary health care facility
Medical recording, make a reminder call, greet the patient and verify insurance information.
admin
Record the patient’s weight and vital signs, escort the patient to examination room and record the reason of visit.
nurse/medical assistant
Examines and talks with the patient to develop a diagnosis and plan of care.
doctor
performs test of the attending physician and collect the samples for analysis and write up the test result. After the test the attending physician will discuss the result with the patient.
medical technologist/technician, radiologist
fills the prescription and give an information about the medication.
pharmacist
bill the patient’s insurance for the visit.
billing officer
- set up in 1995 to provide affordable universal coverage.
- covers all kinds of medical care, including preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services.
Philhealth program
different memberships of Philhealth
formal sector
indigents
sponsored members
senior citizens
the informal economy
Workers employed by public and private companies.
formal sector
Impoverished people subsidized by the national government.
indigents
People subsidized by their local governments
sponsored members
category open to those who are 60 years of age or older, and who do not qualify as Lifetime Members
senior citizens
Self-employed people, migrant workers, and overseas Filipino workers; expats who are legally living in the Philippines are eligible to join PhilHealth in this category
informal economy
- A drug, which after years of extensive animal tests, was first marketed as an over-the-counter sedative.
- came to be used by pregnant women in many countries
- common pattern of limb deformities, termed phocomelia from the greek word ‘seal limbs’ is one of the negative effects
thalidomide
increases the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmia
domperidone (motilium)
the first case of polio was first confirmed in
metro manila
- known as whooping cough
- highly contagious bacterial infection
- incubation: 5-15 days
pertussis
cause of pertussis
Bordetella pertussis bacteria
pertussis prevention method
3 primary immunization does of DTaP:
diphtheria
tetanus
acellular pertussis vaccine
a functional network of health-care providers, including public sector and private sector which range from traditional healers to the most technologically advanced hospitals.
health system
the sector of economy that made up companies that specialize in products and services related to health and medical care.
Healthcare Sectors
HEALTH SECTORS GOVERNING THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
- Bureau of Health Devices and Technology (BHDT)
- Bureau of International Health Cooperation
- Food and Drugs Administration
- Bureau of Local Health system and Development (BLHsD)
- Bureau of Quarantine and International Health Surveillance
- National Center for Mental Health (NCMH)
- National Epidemiology Center ( NEC )
- National Nutrition Council (NNC)
- Philippine National Aids Council ( PNAC)
- Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)
- created in 1999 to perform the same functions of the FDA but for medical devices.
- Conducts licensing and accreditation of health and health- related devices and technology.
Bureau of Health Devices and Technology (BHDT)
- Promotes and sustains international partnership through agreements and other instrumentalities.
- Enhances policies, plans, agreements and systems for international cooperation or partnership.
- Monitor Bilateral or Multilateral Agreements.
Bureau of International Health Cooperation
- Was created under Department of Health to license, monitor, and regulate the flow of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices.
- Responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices; by ensuring the safety our nation’s food supply and products that emit radations.
Food and Drugs Administration
- Responsive, collaborative, sustainable, and resilient local health systems for all Filipino.
- Identify and assess priorities in local health systems development.
- Develop policies, guidelines and standards on sustainable local health systems.
- Ensure multi-stakeholder participation in local health development.
- Monitor and evaluate functionality of local health system.
Bureau of Local Health system and Development (BLHsD)
2 Divisions of Bureau of Local Health system and Development (BLHsD)
- Health System Development Division (HSDD)
- Health Systems monitoring and Evaluation
- Identify and assess priorities in local health systems development.
- Develop policies, guidelines and standards on sustainable local health systems.
- Ensure multi-stakeholder participation in local health development.
- Monitor and evaluate functionality of local health system.
- Health System Development Division (HSDD)
- Develop policies, plans and standards to build and enhance capacity for local health leadership and governance.
- Provide technical assistance to monitor and evaluate local health system performance.
- Promote beat practices in local health systems development for wide-spread replication.
- Health Systems monitoring and Evaluation
4 Divisions of Bureau of Quarantine and International Health Surveillance
International Health Surveillance Division
Special Services Division
Port and Airport Health Services Division
Administrative Division
- Conducts surveillance and institutes measures to prevent the entry of diseases subject to International Health Regulations and other emerging and re-emerging diseases and health concerns from other countries that may impact on public health in the Philippines.
- Provides technical assistance and supervision, consultative and advisory services on health and sanitation programs in international ports and their immediate environment.
- Conducts medical examination on aliens and foreign based Filipino for immigration purposes.
Bureau of Quarantine and International Health Surveillance
- Established in 1925 through Public Works Act 3258.
- Was first called INSULAR PSYCHOPATIC HOSPITAL
- Dedicated to delivering preventive, curative and rehabilitative mental health care services.
National Center for Mental Health (NCMH)
- Also known as Epidemiology Bureau
- Develop and evaluate surveillance systems and other health information systems.
- Collect, analyze and disseminate reliable and timely information on the health status.
- Investigate disease outbreaks and other threats to public health.
- Network public health laboratories in support of epidemiological and surveillance activities.
National Epidemiology Center (NEC)
Divisions of National Epidemiology Center (NEC)
- Applied Epidemiology Health Management Division
- Public Health Surveillance Division
- Survey, Monitoring and Evaluation Division
- Investigate and respond to epidemics and other urgent public health threats as the need arises.
- Develop and maintain field of epidemiology training program for public health workers.
- Collect and maintain resource materials on epidemiology, surveillance, management and monitoring and evaluation in public health.
Applied Epidemiology Health Management Division
Undertake notifiable disease surveillance through Philippine Integrated Disease and Response.
Public Health Surveillance Division
- Provide statistical services to priority health programs of the DOH.
- Monitoring non-behavioral risk factors priority non-communicable diseases through globally standardized survey.
- Monitor HIV and AIDS Registry and Integrated HIV Behavioral and Serologic Surveillance, size estimates and Most At-Risk Population.
- Provide program health indicators information.
Survey, Monitoring and Evaluation Division
- Formulate national food and nutrition policies and strategies.
- Coordinate planning, monitoring and evaluation of the national nutrition program.
- Coordinate the hunger mitigation and malnutrition prevention program to achieve relevant Millennium Development Goals.
- Coordinate the release of funds, loans, and grants from government organizations and nongovernment organizations.
National Nutrition Council (NNC)
- was created to advise the government on the development of policies to prevent and control HIV/AIDS.
- It is composed of high-ranking government officials, the head of nongovernmental organization, members of the HIV/AIDS network, and a representative of an organization of people living with HIV.
Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC)
3 Committees created by PNAC
- Committee on Policy Development
- Committee on Law and Ethics
- AIDS Health Rights Desk
prevention and control strategy.
Committee on Policy Development
support for legal environment for people with HIV/ AIDS.
Committee on Law and Ethics
- will act from its base in the Department of Health to provide free legal assistance to poor people whose rights have been violated.
- Helps to disseminate accurate information on HIV/AIDS.
AIDS Health Rights Desk
- Encourage scientific research and develop traditional and alternative health care system.
- Promote and advocate the use of traditional, alternative, preventive, and curative health care modalities.
- Develop and coordinate skills training courses for various forms of traditional and alternative health care modalities.
- Formulate standards, guidelines and code of ethics practice.
Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)
- Formulate polices for the protection of indigenous and natural health resources and technology from unwanted exploitation.
- Formulate policies to strengthen the role of traditional and alternative health care delivery system.
- Promote traditional and alternative health care in international and national conventions in coordination with Department of Tourism and as well as non-government and local government units.
Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)
discovered erythromycin
abelardo aguilar
slow heart rate
bradycardia
fast heart rate
tachycardia
drug used to prevent or treat malaria
plaqueril
drug used to treat leprosy
dapsone
clofazimine
rifampicin
infectious disease that causes leprosy
mycobacterium leprae
other name for leprosy
hansen’s disease/cullon
disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes
schistosomiasis (bulinus snails)
used to treat parasites
praziquantel
community-acquired pneumonia
klebsiella pneumoniae
hospital-acquired pneumonia
Acinetobacter pneumoniae
composed of the public sector and the private sector
dual health system
largely financed through a tax-based budgeting system, where health services are delivered by government facilities run by the National and Local Governments.
public sector
- DOH acts as the national lead agency in health.
- Consist of 18 Bureaus and services for policy, program planning, standards setting and regulation.
- 17 regional health offices
- Autonomous agencies: National Nutrition Council and the population Commission.
National Government Level
- Consist of 81 provinces, 145 cities ( of which 33 are highly urbanized cities and 5 are independent component cities.
- 1489 municipalities and 42,025 barangays (Philippine Statistic Authority, 2015).
Local Government Level
- Consisting of for-profit and nonprofit health-care providers
- Largely market-oriented where health care is generally paid through user fees at the point of service.
private sectors
Private sector consist of:
- Clinics
- Infirmaries
- Laboratories
- Hospitals
- Drugstores
International Bodies Organizations
Australia
Canada
Japan
- The Australia Council on Healthcare Standards (ACHS)
- Australian General Practice Accreditation Ltd (AGPAL)
- The Quality Improvement Council
australia
The Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation ( CCHSA)
canada
The Japan Council for Quality Health Care (Nongovernmental organization)
japan
measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality and available health resources.
health status indicator
Refers to the disease state of an individual, or the incidence of illness in a population.
morbidity
Refers to the state of being mortal, or the incidence of death ( number of death) in a population.
mortality
HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS
- Life expectancy at birth
- Probability of dying (per 1000) between ages 15 and 60 years. (Adult Mortality Rate)
- Probability of dying (per 1000) under age of one year ( Infant Mortality Rate)
leading indicator of the level of child health and overall development in countries.
infant mortality rate
