Primary FRCA Course Acid Base Physiology Exam Prep Questions

Question 1

The mechanisms of respiratory system control:

A low PO2 in the blood directly stimulates medullary chemoreceptors

Answer 1

False.

Question 2

The mechanisms of respiratory system control:

CO2 in the blood directly stimulates medullary chemoreceptors

Answer 2

False. Medullary chemoreceptors respond directly to CSF pH rather than CO2. However, CSF pH does change rapidly in response to CO2, which readily crosses the blood brain barrier and there is then minimal buffering in CSF.

Question 3

The mechanisms of respiratory system control:

H+ ions the blood directly stimulate medullary chemoreceptors

Answer 3

False. H+ ions the blood cannot cross the blood brain barrier, but stimulate respiration via peripheral chemoreceptors.

Question 4

The mechanisms of respiratory system control:

H+ ions the blood directly stimulate carotid body chemoreceptors

Answer 4

True.

Question 5

Regarding acid-base balance in the body:

A pH of 7.0 equates to a hydrogen ion concentration of 100 nmol/L

Answer 5

True. A pH of 7.0 indicates a hydrogen ion concentration of 10^-7 mol/L or 100 nmol/L.

Question 5

The mechanisms of respiratory system control:

The baroreceptor response to hypotension includes respiratory stimulation

Answer 5

True. In addition to the cardiovascular changes seen in response to the baroreceptor reflex, there is an increase in respiratory rate.

Question 6

Regarding acid-base balance in the body:

pH is defined as the negative Log e of the hydrogen ion concentration in mol/L

Answer 6

False. pH calculation uses Log10 and not Log e.

Question 7

Regarding acid-base balance in the body:

Albumin is an important intracellular buffer

Answer 7

False. Albumin is an extracellular buffer.

Question 8

Regarding acid-base balance in the body:

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between water and CO2

Answer 8

True. Carbonic anhydrase, present at many sites throughout the body, is essential for the reaction between water and CO2 to occur rapidly.

Question 9

Regarding acid-base balance in the body:

Alkalosis lowers the free ionized calcium concentration

Answer 9

True. Alkalosis, e.g. from hyperventilation, encourages free Ca2+ ions to bind to proteins, and can lead to tetany.

Question 10

The following represent typical oxygen content values that would be expected from each of these sites:

Renal vein - 125 mL/L

Answer 10

False. Google search indicates much lower than this.

Question 11

The following represent typical oxygen content values that would be expected from each of these sites:

Coronary sinus - 90 mL/L

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

The following represent typical oxygen content values that would be expected from each of these sites:

Radial artery - 200 mL/L

Answer 12

True.

Question 13

The following represent typical oxygen content values that would be expected from each of these sites:

Umbilical vein - 130 mL/L

Answer 13

True.

Question 14

The following represent typical oxygen content values that would be expected from each of these sites:

Pulmonary artery - 150 mL/L

Answer 14

True.

Question 15

The following values would be compatible with a healthy person having lived at 5,000 m for 7 days:

[HCO3-] of 31 mmol/L

Answer 15

False. At 5,000 m the atmospheric pressure is approximately half that at sea level, which would produced a maximum PaO2 of around 5-6 kPa. This stimulates hyperventilation, lowering the PaCO2, and by day 7 there will have been metabolic compensation by excreting (rather than retaining) bicarbonate. A modest tachycardia would still be present and an increase in 2, 3 DPG moves the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to the right.

Question 16

The following values would be compatible with a healthy person having lived at 5,000 m for 7 days:

PaO2 of 10.6 kPa

Answer 16

False. At 5,000 m the atmospheric pressure is approximately half that at sea level, which would produced a maximum PaO2 of around 5-6 kPa. This stimulates hyperventilation, lowering the PaCO2, and by day 7 there will have been metabolic compensation by excreting (rather than retaining) bicarbonate. A modest tachycardia would still be present and an increase in 2, 3 DPG moves the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to the right.

Question 17

The following values would be compatible with a healthy person having lived at 5,000 m for 7 days:

PaCO2 of 3.9 kPa

Answer 17

True. At 5,000 m the atmospheric pressure is approximately half that at sea level, which would produced a maximum PaO2 of around 5-6 kPa. This stimulates hyperventilation, lowering the PaCO2, and by day 7 there will have been metabolic compensation by excreting (rather than retaining) bicarbonate. A modest tachycardia would still be present and an increase in 2, 3 DPG moves the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to the right.

Question 18

The following values would be compatible with a healthy person having lived at 5,000 m for 7 days:

Resting heart rate of 95/min

Answer 18

True. At 5,000 m the atmospheric pressure is approximately half that at sea level, which would produced a maximum PaO2 of around 5-6 kPa. This stimulates hyperventilation, lowering the PaCO2, and by day 7 there will have been metabolic compensation by excreting (rather than retaining) bicarbonate. A modest tachycardia would still be present and an increase in 2, 3 DPG moves the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to the right.

Question 19

The following values would be compatible with a healthy person having lived at 5,000 m for 7 days:

Right shift of Hb-O2 dissociation curve

Answer 19

True. At 5,000 m the atmospheric pressure is approximately half that at sea level, which would produced a maximum PaO2 of around 5-6 kPa. This stimulates hyperventilation, lowering the PaCO2, and by day 7 there will have been metabolic compensation by excreting (rather than retaining) bicarbonate. A modest tachycardia would still be present and an increase in 2, 3 DPG moves the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to the right.

Question 20

Sodium 142 mmol/L. Potassium 4.7 mmol/L. Chloride 108 mmol/L. Bicarbonate 12 mmol/L. The above values for plasma concentrations would be compatible with:

A normal anion gap

Answer 20

False. These values show a metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap (27), indicating an organic acid cause for the disturbance, such as DKA.

Question 21

Sodium 142 mmol/L. Potassium 4.7 mmol/L. Chloride 108 mmol/L. Bicarbonate 12 mmol/L. The above values for plasma concentrations would be compatible with:

Stage 4 chronic kidney disease

Answer 21

False. These values show a metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap (27), indicating an organic acid cause for the disturbance, such as DKA. There would a normal anion gap with CKD.

Question 22

Sodium 142 mmol/L. Potassium 4.7 mmol/L. Chloride 108 mmol/L. Bicarbonate 12 mmol/L. The above values for plasma concentrations would be compatible with:

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 22

True. These values show a metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap (27), indicating an organic acid cause for the disturbance, such as DKA.

Question 23

Sodium 142 mmol/L. Potassium 4.7 mmol/L. Chloride 108 mmol/L. Bicarbonate 12 mmol/L. The above values for plasma concentrations would be compatible with:

Hypoalbuminaemia

Answer 23

False. These values show a metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap (27), indicating an organic acid cause for the disturbance, such as DKA. A low albumin reduces the anion gap as it is one of the main unmeasured anions.

Question 24

Sodium 142 mmol/L. Potassium 4.7 mmol/L. Chloride 108 mmol/L. Bicarbonate 12 mmol/L. The above values for plasma concentrations would be compatible with: Pyloric stenosis

Answer 24

False. These values show a metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap (27), indicating an organic acid cause for the disturbance, such as DKA. Pyloric stenosis produces a metabolic alkalosis (raised bicarbonate).

Question 25

Which of the following are true about acid-base regulation? The pKa of H2CO3 is 6.1 at 37 degrees Celcius

Answer 25

True. The pKa for the main dissociation pathway of H2CO3 at body temperature is 6.1.

Question 26

Which of the following are true about acid-base regulation? The majority of filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed in Loop of Henle

Answer 26

False. Almost all H2CO3 is reabsorbed in the PCT.

Question 27

Which of the following are true about acid-base regulation? Phosphate is an important extracellular buffer

Answer 27

False. Phosphate is one of the main intracellular buffers.

Question 28

Which of the following are true about acid-base regulation? The distal convoluted tubule determines the final urine pH

Answer 28

True. The intercalated cells in the DCT regulate the final urine pH, excreting or reabsorbing H+ ions in exchange for K+ as circumstances require.

Question 29

Which of the following are true about acid-base regulation? H+ ions are exchanged for K+ ions in the kidney

Answer 29

True. The intercalated cells in the DCT regulate the final urine pH, excreting or reabsorbing H+ ions in exchange for K+ as circumstances require.

Question 30

With regard to oxygen binding: Affinity for haemoglobin is higher than for methaemoglobin

Answer 30

True. Met-Hb is unable to bind oxygen.

Question 31

With regard to oxygen binding: Affinity for fetal haemoglobin is higher than for haemoglobin

Answer 31

True. The fetal Hb dissociation curve is to the left of that for Hb, so has a higher O2 affinity.

Question 32

With regard to oxygen binding: Affinity for myoglobin is higher than for haemoglobin

Answer 32

True. It has to be otherwise muscles would not take up oxygen from the blood into myoglobin.

Question 33

With regard to oxygen binding: Each molecule of myoglobin can bind up to 4 molecules of oxygen

Answer 33

False. Myoglobin is a single ferroprotein chain, and can bind only 1 molecule of oxygen; it has a very high affinity for oxygen, releasing it only at extremely low PO2 levels.

Question 34

With regard to oxygen binding: The normal P50 for Hb is approximately 5.3 kPa

Answer 34

False. The normal P50 for Hb is approximately 3.5 kPa.

Question 35

The following are buffers in renal tubular fluid? Albumin

Answer 35

False. Albumin should not be present in tubular fluid.

Question 36

The following are buffers in renal tubular fluid? Ammonia

Answer 36

True. Ammonia, bicarbonate and phosphate buffer hydrogen ions secreted into renal tubular fluid.

Question 37

The following are buffers in renal tubular fluid? Bicarbonate

Answer 37

True. Ammonia, bicarbonate and phosphate buffer hydrogen ions secreted into renal tubular fluid.

Question 38

The following are buffers in renal tubular fluid? Phosphate

Answer 38

True. Ammonia, bicarbonate and phosphate buffer hydrogen ions secreted into renal tubular fluid.

Question 39

The following are buffers in renal tubular fluid? Urea

Answer 39

False. Urea is not a buffer.

Question 40

Carbon dioxide: Is 5 times more soluble in plasma than oxygen

Answer 40

False. CO2 is 25 times more soluble than oxygen.

Question 41

Carbon dioxide: Content in venous blood is approximately 500 mL/L

Answer 41

True. 90% of it is carried as bicarbonate, with a content of 510 mL/L in venous blood.

Question 42

Carbon dioxide: Is carried in blood largely as bicarbonate

Answer 42

True.

Question 43

Carbon dioxide: Conversion to carbamino compounds requires carbonic anhydrase

Answer 43

False. Carbamino compound formation is rapid and does not require enzyme activity.

Question 44

Carbon dioxide: Content in blood increases as Hb unloads oxygen

Answer 44

True. This is the Haldane effect.

Question 45

The following would be expected at the peak of vigorous exercise: Oxygen consumption increased 10 fold

Answer 45

True. Maximum O2 consumption increases approximately 10 fold during vigorous exercise.

Question 46

The following would be expected at the peak of vigorous exercise: Overall oxygen extraction ratio increased to 0.75

Answer 46

False. Maximum O2 consumption increases approximately 10 fold during vigorous exercise, and this is met by an increase in cardiac output of 5 times, minute ventilation 10 times and a doubling of the oxygen extraction ratio to 0.5.

Question 47

The following would be expected at the peak of vigorous exercise: Coronary oxygen extraction ratio doubled

Answer 47

False. Maximum O2 consumption increases approximately 10 fold during vigorous exercise, and this is met by an increase in cardiac output of 5 times, minute ventilation 10 times and a doubling of the oxygen extraction ratio to 0.5. The heart already has a high extraction ratio and must meet increased demand by increasing coronary flow.

Question 48

The following would be expected at the peak of vigorous exercise: Cardiac output increased 10 fold

Answer 48

False. Maximum O2 consumption increases approximately 10 fold during vigorous exercise, and this is met by an increase in cardiac output of 5 times, minute ventilation 10 times and a doubling of the oxygen extraction ratio to 0.5. The heart already has a high extraction ratio and must meet increased demand by increasing coronary flow.

Question 49

The following would be expected at the peak of vigorous exercise: Minute ventilation increased 10 fold

Answer 49

True. Maximum O2 consumption increases approximately 10 fold during vigorous exercise, and this is met by an increase in cardiac output of 5 times, minute ventilation 10 times and a doubling of the oxygen extraction ratio to 0.5. The heart already has a high extraction ratio and must meet increased demand by increasing coronary flow.

Question 50

Acutely reducing the inspired oxygen concentration to 10% at sea level will cause: Increased urinary pH

Answer 50

True. Hyperventilation will cause a respiratory alkalosis and consequently the urinary pH will increase in attempt to correct this.

Question 51

Acutely reducing the inspired oxygen concentration to 10% at sea level will cause: Increased cardiac output

Answer 51

True. Mild degrees of hypoxia will cause sympathetic stimulation with a consequent increase in heart rate and cardiac output.

Question 52

Acutely reducing the inspired oxygen concentration to 10% at sea level will cause: Increased capacity of Hb for oxygen

Answer 52

True. Alkalosis causes increased affinity of Hb for oxygen due to the shift of the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve in the lungs.

Question 53

Acutely reducing the inspired oxygen concentration to 10% at sea level will cause: A respiratory acidosis

Answer 53

False. Hyperventilation will cause a respiratory alkalosis.

Question 54

Acutely reducing the inspired oxygen concentration to 10% at sea level will cause: Increased erythropoietin secretion

Answer 54

True. Erythropoietin is secreted in response to hypoxia but its effect is not seen acutely.

Question 55

Haemoglobin: Contains 2 alpha chains

Answer 55

True. Haemoglobin is a molecule comprised of four polypeptide chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta.

Question 56

Haemoglobin: Carries 4 molecules of oxygen per chain

Answer 56

False. Each haemoglobin molecule carries 4 molecules of oxygen.

Question 57

Haemoglobin: Is a 4-chain structure

Answer 57

True.

Question 58

Haemoglobin: Contains a ferrous ion

Answer 58

True. Each polypeptide chain contains a porphyrin ring with a ferrous ion at its centre.

Question 59

Haemoglobin: Is a polypeptide

Answer 59

True.

Question 60

The oxygen content of blood is decreased in: COHb

Answer 60

True. The oxygen content of blood is calculated by adding together the amount of oxygen carried by haemoglobin and the amount of oxygen carried in solution. In states of anaemia the former is reduced, as it is in methaemoglobinaemia and in the presence of carboxyhaemoglobin. Dissolved oxygen only represents about 1% of the total and is a function of PO2. It therefore increases under hyperbaric conditions.

Question 61

The oxygen content of blood is decreased in: Methaemoglobinaemia

Answer 61

True. The oxygen content of blood is calculated by adding together the amount of oxygen carried by haemoglobin and the amount of oxygen carried in solution. In states of anaemia the former is reduced, as it is in methaemoglobinaemia and in the precence of carboxyhaemoglobin. Dissolved oxygen only represents about 1% of the total and is a function of PO2. It therefore increases under hyperbaric conditions.

Question 62

The oxygen content of blood is decreased in: Anaemia

Answer 62

True. The oxygen content of blood is calculated by adding together the amount of oxygen carried by haemoglobin and the amount of oxygen carried in solution. In states of anaemia the former is reduced, as it is in methaemoglobinaemia and in the precence of carboxyhaemoglobin. Dissolved oxygen only represents about 1% of the total and is a function of PO2. It therefore increases under hyperbaric conditions.

Question 63

The oxygen content of blood is decreased in: Chronic renal failure

Answer 63

True. The oxygen content of blood is calculated by adding together the amount of oxygen carried by haemoglobin and the amount of oxygen carried in solution. In states of anaemia the former is reduced, as it is in methaemoglobinaemia and in the precence of carboxyhaemoglobin. Dissolved oxygen only represents about 1% of the total and is a function of PO2. It therefore increases under hyperbaric conditions.

Question 64

The oxygen content of blood is decreased in: Hyperbaric conditions

Answer 64

False. The oxygen content of blood is calculated by adding together the amount of oxygen carried by haemoglobin and the amount of oxygen carried in solution. In states of anaemia the former is reduced, as it is in methaemoglobinaemia and in the precence of carboxyhaemoglobin. Dissolved oxygen only represents about 1% of the total and is a function of PO2. It therefore increases under hyperbaric conditions.

Question 65

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right: With an increase in temperature

Answer 65

True. Factors causing a right shift are: Hyperthermia, decreased pH, increased 2,3,DPG, increased PaCO2, pregnancy, haemoglobin S and after altitude acclimatisation.

Question 66

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right: When 2,3-DPG levels increase

Answer 66

True. Factors causing a right shift are: Hyperthermia, decreased pH, increased 2,3,DPG, increased PaCO2, pregnancy, haemoglobin S and after altitude acclimatisation.

Question 67

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right: When carbon dioxide concentration increases

Answer 67

True. Factors causing a right shift are: Hyperthermia, decreased pH, increased 2,3,DPG, increased PaCO2, pregnancy, haemoglobin S and after altitude acclimatisation.

Question 68

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right: With an increase in hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 68

True. Factors causing a right shift are: Hyperthermia, decreased pH, increased 2,3,DPG, increased PaCO2, pregnancy, haemoglobin S and after altitude acclimatisation.

Question 69

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right: On exercise

Answer 69

True. Factors causing a right shift are: Hyperthermia, decreased pH, increased 2,3,DPG, increased PaCO2, pregnancy, haemoglobin S and after altitude acclimatisation.

Question 70

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left in: Pregnancy

Answer 70

False. The P50 is higher in normal pregnancy, therefore it is a right shift.

Question 71

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left in: Stored blood

Answer 71

True. Due to lower 2,3 DPG levels. Factors causing a left shift are: Hypothermia, increased pH, decreased 2,3,DP and decreased PaCO2. The curves for fetal, carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin are also shifted left.

Question 72

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left in: Fetal haemoglobin

Answer 72

True. Factors causing a left shift are: Hypothermia, increased pH, decreased 2,3,DP and decreased PaCO2. The curves for fetal, carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin are also shifted left.

Question 73

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left in: Cyanide poisoning

Answer 73

False. Cyanide poisoning causes histotoxic hypoxia which is the inability of cells to take up or use oxygen from the bloodstream, despite physiologically normal delivery of oxygen to such cells and tissues. It does not affect the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.

Question 74

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left in: Carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 74

True. Factors causing a left shift are: Hypothermia, increased pH, decreased 2,3,DP and decreased PaCO2. The curves for fetal, carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin are also shifted left.

Question 75

The following drugs are bases: Atracurium

Answer 75

True. It is important to understand the ionization of drugs with changing pH (and hence membrane transfer). As a guide to identifying whether a drug is an acid or base, think of its salt when prepared: Sodium-drug (or similar) = acid Drug-sulphate (or similar) = base Bases: Atracurium besylate, bupivacaine hydrochloride, Morphine sulphate Acids: Sodium diclofenac, sodium thiopental

Question 76

The following drugs are bases: Bupivacaine

Answer 76

True. It is important to understand the ionization of drugs with changing pH (and hence membrane transfer). As a guide to identifying whether a drug is an acid or base, think of its salt when prepared: Sodium-drug (or similar) = acid Drug-sulphate (or similar) = base Bases: Atracurium besylate, bupivacaine hydrochloride, Morphine sulphate Acids: Sodium diclofenac, sodium thiopental

Question 77

The following drugs are bases: Diclofenac

Answer 77

False. It is important to understand the ionization of drugs with changing pH (and hence membrane transfer). As a guide to identifying whether a drug is an acid or base, think of its salt when prepared: Sodium-drug (or similar) = acid Drug-sulphate (or similar) = base Bases: Atracurium besylate, bupivacaine hydrochloride, Morphine sulphate Acids: Sodium diclofenac, sodium thiopental

Question 78

The following drugs are bases: Morphine

Answer 78

True. It is important to understand the ionization of drugs with changing pH (and hence membrane transfer). As a guide to identifying whether a drug is an acid or base, think of its salt when prepared: Sodium-drug (or similar) = acid Drug-sulphate (or similar) = base Bases: Atracurium besylate, bupivacaine hydrochloride, Morphine sulphate Acids: Sodium diclofenac, sodium thiopental

Question 79

The following drugs are bases: Thiopental

Answer 79

False. It is important to understand the ionization of drugs with changing pH (and hence membrane transfer). As a guide to identifying whether a drug is an acid or base, think of its salt when prepared: Sodium-drug (or similar) = acid Drug-sulphate (or similar) = base Bases: Atracurium besylate, bupivacaine hydrochloride, Morphine sulphate Acids: Sodium diclofenac, sodium thiopental

Question 80

The following are normal for an adult at rest: Anion gap of 12 mmol/L

Answer 80

True. The normal anion gap is 8-16 mmol/L.

Question 81

The following are normal for an adult at rest: Carbon dioxide production of 500mL/min

Answer 81

False. Carbon dioxide production is around 200 mL/min (with an RQ of 0.8).

Question 82

The following are normal for an adult at rest: Hydrogen ion concentration of 40 mmol/L

Answer 82

False. Hydrogen ion concentration is 40 nmol/L (not mmol).

Question 83

The following are normal for an adult at rest: Carboxy-Hb of 0.5%

Answer 83

True. Up to 2% of Hb can be bound to CO even in non-smokers.

Question 84

The following are normal for an adult at rest: Fetal-Hb of 0.5%

Answer 84

True. A small amount of HbF is still produced in adult life, the amount varying considerably, and can be as high as 5%.

Question 85

The following would be compatible with a 10 day history of pyloric stenosis Raised aldosterone level

Answer 85

True. Pyloric stenosis results in a loss of water, chloride and hydrogen ions and a rise in aldosterone secretion is part of the response to volume loss.

Question 86

The following would be compatible with a 10 day history of pyloric stenosis Serum Chloride of 86 mmol/L

Answer 86

True. Pyloric stenosis results in a loss of water, chloride and hydrogen ions and a rise in aldosterone secretion is part of the response to volume loss.

Question 87

The following would be compatible with a 10 day history of pyloric stenosis Serum Potassium of 5.5 mmol/L

Answer 87

False. In the DCT Hydrogen ions are retained in exchange for K+ excretion, and so hypokalaemia would be expected.

Question 88

The following would be compatible with a 10 day history of pyloric stenosis Arterial PCO2 of 5.9 kPa

Answer 88

True. Hypoventilation is a respiratory compensation for the metabolic alkalosis.

Question 89

The following would be compatible with a 10 day history of pyloric stenosis Arterial pH of 7.54

Answer 89

True. Pyloric stenosis results in a loss of water, chloride and hydrogen ions and a rise in aldosterone secretion is part of the response to volume loss.

Question 90

The following are true about renal acid-base regulation: Aldosterone is the main regulator of urinary pH

Answer 90

False. Aldosterone has no significant role in acid-base balance.

Question 91

The following are true about renal acid-base regulation: Filtered bicarbonate acts as a buffer in tubular fluid

Answer 91

True. Filtered bicarbonate is the main intraluminal buffer for secreted.

Question 92

The following are true about renal acid-base regulation: Hydrogen ions are secreted by the intercalated cells in the PCT

Answer 92

False. The intercalated cells are in the DCT.

Question 93

The following are true about renal acid-base regulation: Hydrogen ion secretion in the PCT is dependent on carbonic anhydrase

Answer 93

True. Hydrogen ions are secreted in the PCT, production of which requires the action of carbonic anhydrase.

Question 94

The following are true about renal acid-base regulation: The kidney excretes the body's largest acid load

Answer 94

False. The largest acid load produced by the body is respiratory acid, in the form of carbon dioxide, and is excreted by the lungs.

Question 95

The Haldane Effect: Enhances carbon dioxide unloading in the lungs

Answer 95

True. The Haldane Effect improves Carbon dioxide uptake in the peripheries and unloading in the lungs and results mainly (70%) from the more rapid formation of carbamino compounds by deoxyhaemoglobin.

Question 96

The Haldane Effect: Is due mainly to enhanced formation/breakdown of carbamino compounds

Answer 96

True. The Haldane Effect improves Carbon dioxide uptake in the peripheries and unloading in the lungs and results mainly (70%) from the more rapid formation of carbamino compounds by deoxyhaemoglobin.

Question 97

The Haldane Effect: Is more effective in a patient breathing 100% Oxygen

Answer 97

False. Breathing 100% Oxygen will not have any influence.

Question 98

The Haldane Effect: Is related to the Hb-Oxygen interaction

Answer 98

True. The Haldane Effect improves Carbon dioxide uptake in the peripheries and unloading in the lungs and results mainly (70%) from the more rapid formation of carbamino compounds by deoxyhaemoglobin

Question 99

The Haldane Effect: Results directly in part from changes in 2,3 DPG

Answer 99

False. 2, 3 DPG has a direct action towards the Bohr but not the Haldane Effect