Primary Care 2

Question 1

Give the ethical issues of abortion

Answer 1

Abortion is killing potential life

Question 2

Give psychological issues relating to abortion

Answer 2

Whether the mother is mature enough to cope with looking after a child

Question 3

Give social issues relating to abortion

Answer 3

Whether the mother has her own home or still lives with her parents etc
Whether she will be able to financially support herself and her baby (does she have a job?)

Question 4

What factors might increase the likelihood of someone changing their behaviour?

Answer 4

Being able to keep up the change long term
Support of family and/or friends
Benefits outweighing the disadvantages
Feeling that the change is more in line with their personal image
Social pressure to change
Anticipating a positive response from others
Being able to continue the change in a range of circumstances

Question 5

What factors can affect foetal wellbeing?

Answer 5

Smoking
Alcohol
Recreational drug use
Some over the counter or herbal medicines
Some prescribed medication
Diet, e.g. folic acid deficiency
Mother's level of exercise and general health and fitness
Infection
X-rays

Question 6

What kinds of actions might a government take to promote health in the population as a whole?

Answer 6

Improvements in health education
Improvements in living conditions, particularly in deprived areas
Health and safety laws
Traffic and transport policies
Legislation/policies on smoking and alcohol etc
Improvements to healthcare services

Question 7

According to the WHO definition of health, why might an individual feel that they are healthy?

Answer 7

They are not suffering from any long term conditions/illnesses
They are happy
They have a good relationship with family/friends/partner
They exercise regularly and maintains a healthy diet
Not infertile – managed to become pregnant
They are not on any long term medication
They are able to work and socialise

Question 8

Why might someone believe than something is normal behaviour?

Answer 8

Lots of people around them do it (family, friends, neighbours)
They might watch TV/films where it’s normal behaviour

Question 9

List any health indicators that differ between deprived and less deprived areas of Scotland

Answer 9

Smoking rates
Alcohol consumption rates
Obesity rates
Breastfeeding rates
Alcohol-related hospital admissions
Life expectancy

Question 10

Describe the inverse care law

Answer 10

Those who need health care most tend not to seek it whereas those who don’t need it so much will seek it more often or get more use out of it

Question 11

What factors can reduce health inequalities?

Answer 11

Ensuring equal access to education in all areas
Effective partnership across a range of sectors and/or organisations
Planning to integrate health and social care
Government policies, legislation and campaigns
Time to invest in the more vulnerable patient groups
Improving access to health/social services and professionals
Reduce poverty
Social inclusion policies
Improved employment opportunities for all
Improved housing in deprived areas

Question 12

Define “culture”

Answer 12

Everything acquired by human being that is not physically inherited

Question 13

Define “structure”

Answer 13

The way that a society is organised in social institutions

Question 14

Give five ideas about health

Answer 14

Health as an ideal state
Health as physical and mental fitness
Health as a commodity
Health as personal strength or ability
Health as the basics for personal potential

Question 15

Give five types of normality

Answer 15

Statistical
Cultural
Attitudinal
Circumstantial
Individual

Question 16

What are the eight social classes?

Answer 16

1) higher professional and managerial workers - A
2) lower professional and managerial workers - B
3) Intermediate occupations - C
4) Small employers, non-professional self-employed - C
5) Lower supervisory and technical - C
6) Semi-routine occupations - D
7) Routine occupations - D
8) Long-term unemployment - E

Question 17

What was the WHO’s report in 2008?

Answer 17

“Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health”

Question 18

What did the 2008 WHO report recommend?

Answer 18

Improve daily living conditions
Tackle the inequitable distribution of money, power and resources
Acknowledge/measure the problem, assessing impact of actions

Question 19

Which report did Sir Donald Acheson write in 1998?

Answer 19

Independent Enquiry into Inequality in Health

Question 20

What did Sir Donald Acheson’s report recommend?

Answer 20

Recommend for all relevant policies to be evaluated for their health inequality impact, giving high priority to the health of families with children and taking steps to reduce income inequalities and improve the living standards of poor households

Question 21

What is the Black Report of 1980?

Answer 21

Showed the extent of which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain
Concluded that these inequalities were mainly attributable to economic inequalities
Recommended fairer re-distribution of resources and action to end child poverty

Question 22

Give six lifestyle factors that can affect health

Answer 22

Alcohol consumption
Smoking
Level of physical activity/exercise
Diet/healthy eating
Sexual health
Illicit drug use

Question 23

What aspects of health are most likely to be worse for children living in deprived areas?

Answer 23

Teenage pregnancy
Higher BMIs (on average)
Smoking
Lower birth weight
Poor dental health

Question 24

Give four factors that may influence lay beliefs about health

Answer 24

Culture
Age
Social class
Gender

Question 25

What potential difficulties arise when consulting a patient from a different culture?

Answer 25

``` Language barrier Different attitudes to healthcare/health professionals Different ideas about what being healthy means Lack of knowledge of the NHS Scared of racism Religious beliefs Bias, stereotyping Examination taboos ```

Question 26

Give five routes via which someone may be exposed to a hazardous substance

Answer 26

``` Inhalation Skin contact Ingestion Blood Sexual contact ```

Question 27

What are the common reasons for children in the UK to see a GP?

Answer 27

``` Vomiting/Diarrhoea Stomach pain Coughing Rashes Sore throat URTIs Feeding problems Developmental problems ```

Question 28

What social factors influence health?

Answer 28

``` Housing conditions Financial security Occupation/Employment Gender Ethnicity Social class Environment Health system ```

Question 29

What percentage of illnesses that occur in the community are referred to secondary care?

Answer 29

3%

Question 30

Give examples of health and social care team members

Answer 30

``` Specialist nurse Occupational health worker Physiotherapist Pharmacist Dietician Councillor ```

Question 31

What's the difference between a profession and an occupation?

Answer 31

A profession consist of people who are not directly motivated by personal interest nor by financial gains An occupation consists of people working for an immediate economic gain

Question 32

Give five characteristics that define a profession

Answer 32

``` Systematic theory Authority recognised by its clientele Broader community sanction Code of ethics Professional culture sustained by formal professional sanctions ```

Question 33

Give four social factors that are linked to mental health

Answer 33

Social isolation Poor housing Unemployment Poverty

Question 34

Describe six strategies for delivery culturally competent care

Answer 34

``` Communicating clearly Facilitating communication Taking an active interest in other cultures/groups Do your research, gain understanding Identifying barriers to health care Addressing such barriers ```