Primary Care 2 Flashcards
Give the ethical issues of abortion
Abortion is killing potential life
Give psychological issues relating to abortion
Whether the mother is mature enough to cope with looking after a child
Give social issues relating to abortion
Whether the mother has her own home or still lives with her parents etc
Whether she will be able to financially support herself and her baby (does she have a job?)
What factors might increase the likelihood of someone changing their behaviour?
Being able to keep up the change long term
Support of family and/or friends
Benefits outweighing the disadvantages
Feeling that the change is more in line with their personal image
Social pressure to change
Anticipating a positive response from others
Being able to continue the change in a range of circumstances
What factors can affect foetal wellbeing?
Smoking Alcohol Recreational drug use Some over the counter or herbal medicines Some prescribed medication Diet, e.g. folic acid deficiency Mother's level of exercise and general health and fitness Infection X-rays
What kinds of actions might a government take to promote health in the population as a whole?
Improvements in health education
Improvements in living conditions, particularly in deprived areas
Health and safety laws
Traffic and transport policies
Legislation/policies on smoking and alcohol etc
Improvements to healthcare services
According to the WHO definition of health, why might an individual feel that they are healthy?
They are not suffering from any long term conditions/illnesses
They are happy
They have a good relationship with family/friends/partner
They exercise regularly and maintains a healthy diet
Not infertile – managed to become pregnant
They are not on any long term medication
They are able to work and socialise
Why might someone believe than something is normal behaviour?
Lots of people around them do it (family, friends, neighbours)
They might watch TV/films where it’s normal behaviour
List any health indicators that differ between deprived and less deprived areas of Scotland
Smoking rates Alcohol consumption rates Obesity rates Breastfeeding rates Alcohol-related hospital admissions Life expectancy
Describe the inverse care law
Those who need health care most tend not to seek it whereas those who don’t need it so much will seek it more often or get more use out of it
What factors can reduce health inequalities?
Ensuring equal access to education in all areas
Effective partnership across a range of sectors and/or organisations
Planning to integrate health and social care
Government policies, legislation and campaigns
Time to invest in the more vulnerable patient groups
Improving access to health/social services and professionals
Reduce poverty
Social inclusion policies
Improved employment opportunities for all
Improved housing in deprived areas
Define “culture”
Everything acquired by human being that is not physically inherited
Define “structure”
The way that a society is organised in social institutions
Give five ideas about health
Health as an ideal state Health as physical and mental fitness Health as a commodity Health as personal strength or ability Health as the basics for personal potential
Give five types of normality
Statistical Cultural Attitudinal Circumstantial Individual
What are the eight social classes?
1) higher professional and managerial workers - A
2) lower professional and managerial workers - B
3) Intermediate occupations - C
4) Small employers, non-professional self-employed - C
5) Lower supervisory and technical - C
6) Semi-routine occupations - D
7) Routine occupations - D
8) Long-term unemployment - E
What was the WHO’s report in 2008?
“Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health”
What did the 2008 WHO report recommend?
Improve daily living conditions
Tackle the inequitable distribution of money, power and resources
Acknowledge/measure the problem, assessing impact of actions
Which report did Sir Donald Acheson write in 1998?
Independent Enquiry into Inequality in Health
What did Sir Donald Acheson’s report recommend?
Recommend for all relevant policies to be evaluated for their health inequality impact, giving high priority to the health of families with children and taking steps to reduce income inequalities and improve the living standards of poor households
What is the Black Report of 1980?
Showed the extent of which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain
Concluded that these inequalities were mainly attributable to economic inequalities
Recommended fairer re-distribution of resources and action to end child poverty
Give six lifestyle factors that can affect health
Alcohol consumption Smoking Level of physical activity/exercise Diet/healthy eating Sexual health Illicit drug use
What aspects of health are most likely to be worse for children living in deprived areas?
Teenage pregnancy Higher BMIs (on average) Smoking Lower birth weight Poor dental health
Give four factors that may influence lay beliefs about health
Culture
Age
Social class
Gender
What potential difficulties arise when consulting a patient from a different culture?
Language barrier Different attitudes to healthcare/health professionals Different ideas about what being healthy means Lack of knowledge of the NHS Scared of racism Religious beliefs Bias, stereotyping Examination taboos
Give five routes via which someone may be exposed to a hazardous substance
Inhalation Skin contact Ingestion Blood Sexual contact
What are the common reasons for children in the UK to see a GP?
Vomiting/Diarrhoea Stomach pain Coughing Rashes Sore throat URTIs Feeding problems Developmental problems
What social factors influence health?
Housing conditions Financial security Occupation/Employment Gender Ethnicity Social class Environment Health system
What percentage of illnesses that occur in the community are referred to secondary care?
3%
Give examples of health and social care team members
Specialist nurse Occupational health worker Physiotherapist Pharmacist Dietician Councillor
What’s the difference between a profession and an occupation?
A profession consist of people who are not directly motivated by personal interest nor by financial gains
An occupation consists of people working for an immediate economic gain
Give five characteristics that define a profession
Systematic theory Authority recognised by its clientele Broader community sanction Code of ethics Professional culture sustained by formal professional sanctions
Give four social factors that are linked to mental health
Social isolation
Poor housing
Unemployment
Poverty
Describe six strategies for delivery culturally competent care
Communicating clearly Facilitating communication Taking an active interest in other cultures/groups Do your research, gain understanding Identifying barriers to health care Addressing such barriers
