Primary Care 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Give the ethical issues of abortion

A

Abortion is killing potential life

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2
Q

Give psychological issues relating to abortion

A

Whether the mother is mature enough to cope with looking after a child

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3
Q

Give social issues relating to abortion

A

Whether the mother has her own home or still lives with her parents etc
Whether she will be able to financially support herself and her baby (does she have a job?)

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4
Q

What factors might increase the likelihood of someone changing their behaviour?

A

Being able to keep up the change long term
Support of family and/or friends
Benefits outweighing the disadvantages
Feeling that the change is more in line with their personal image
Social pressure to change
Anticipating a positive response from others
Being able to continue the change in a range of circumstances

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5
Q

What factors can affect foetal wellbeing?

A
Smoking
Alcohol
Recreational drug use
Some over the counter or herbal medicines
Some prescribed medication
Diet, e.g. folic acid deficiency
Mother's level of exercise and general health and fitness
Infection
X-rays
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6
Q

What kinds of actions might a government take to promote health in the population as a whole?

A

Improvements in health education
Improvements in living conditions, particularly in deprived areas
Health and safety laws
Traffic and transport policies
Legislation/policies on smoking and alcohol etc
Improvements to healthcare services

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7
Q

According to the WHO definition of health, why might an individual feel that they are healthy?

A

They are not suffering from any long term conditions/illnesses
They are happy
They have a good relationship with family/friends/partner
They exercise regularly and maintains a healthy diet
Not infertile – managed to become pregnant
They are not on any long term medication
They are able to work and socialise

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8
Q

Why might someone believe than something is normal behaviour?

A

Lots of people around them do it (family, friends, neighbours)
They might watch TV/films where it’s normal behaviour

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9
Q

List any health indicators that differ between deprived and less deprived areas of Scotland

A
Smoking rates
Alcohol consumption rates
Obesity rates
Breastfeeding rates
Alcohol-related hospital admissions
Life expectancy
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10
Q

Describe the inverse care law

A

Those who need health care most tend not to seek it whereas those who don’t need it so much will seek it more often or get more use out of it

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11
Q

What factors can reduce health inequalities?

A

Ensuring equal access to education in all areas
Effective partnership across a range of sectors and/or organisations
Planning to integrate health and social care
Government policies, legislation and campaigns
Time to invest in the more vulnerable patient groups
Improving access to health/social services and professionals
Reduce poverty
Social inclusion policies
Improved employment opportunities for all
Improved housing in deprived areas

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12
Q

Define “culture”

A

Everything acquired by human being that is not physically inherited

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13
Q

Define “structure”

A

The way that a society is organised in social institutions

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14
Q

Give five ideas about health

A
Health as an ideal state
Health as physical and mental fitness
Health as a commodity
Health as personal strength or ability
Health as the basics for personal potential
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15
Q

Give five types of normality

A
Statistical
Cultural
Attitudinal
Circumstantial
Individual
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16
Q

What are the eight social classes?

A

1) higher professional and managerial workers - A
2) lower professional and managerial workers - B
3) Intermediate occupations - C
4) Small employers, non-professional self-employed - C
5) Lower supervisory and technical - C
6) Semi-routine occupations - D
7) Routine occupations - D
8) Long-term unemployment - E

17
Q

What was the WHO’s report in 2008?

A

“Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health”

18
Q

What did the 2008 WHO report recommend?

A

Improve daily living conditions
Tackle the inequitable distribution of money, power and resources
Acknowledge/measure the problem, assessing impact of actions

19
Q

Which report did Sir Donald Acheson write in 1998?

A

Independent Enquiry into Inequality in Health

20
Q

What did Sir Donald Acheson’s report recommend?

A

Recommend for all relevant policies to be evaluated for their health inequality impact, giving high priority to the health of families with children and taking steps to reduce income inequalities and improve the living standards of poor households

21
Q

What is the Black Report of 1980?

A

Showed the extent of which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain
Concluded that these inequalities were mainly attributable to economic inequalities
Recommended fairer re-distribution of resources and action to end child poverty

22
Q

Give six lifestyle factors that can affect health

A
Alcohol consumption
Smoking
Level of physical activity/exercise
Diet/healthy eating
Sexual health
Illicit drug use
23
Q

What aspects of health are most likely to be worse for children living in deprived areas?

A
Teenage pregnancy
Higher BMIs (on average)
Smoking
Lower birth weight
Poor dental health
24
Q

Give four factors that may influence lay beliefs about health

A

Culture
Age
Social class
Gender

25
What potential difficulties arise when consulting a patient from a different culture?
``` Language barrier Different attitudes to healthcare/health professionals Different ideas about what being healthy means Lack of knowledge of the NHS Scared of racism Religious beliefs Bias, stereotyping Examination taboos ```
26
Give five routes via which someone may be exposed to a hazardous substance
``` Inhalation Skin contact Ingestion Blood Sexual contact ```
27
What are the common reasons for children in the UK to see a GP?
``` Vomiting/Diarrhoea Stomach pain Coughing Rashes Sore throat URTIs Feeding problems Developmental problems ```
28
What social factors influence health?
``` Housing conditions Financial security Occupation/Employment Gender Ethnicity Social class Environment Health system ```
29
What percentage of illnesses that occur in the community are referred to secondary care?
3%
30
Give examples of health and social care team members
``` Specialist nurse Occupational health worker Physiotherapist Pharmacist Dietician Councillor ```
31
What's the difference between a profession and an occupation?
A profession consist of people who are not directly motivated by personal interest nor by financial gains An occupation consists of people working for an immediate economic gain
32
Give five characteristics that define a profession
``` Systematic theory Authority recognised by its clientele Broader community sanction Code of ethics Professional culture sustained by formal professional sanctions ```
33
Give four social factors that are linked to mental health
Social isolation Poor housing Unemployment Poverty
34
Describe six strategies for delivery culturally competent care
``` Communicating clearly Facilitating communication Taking an active interest in other cultures/groups Do your research, gain understanding Identifying barriers to health care Addressing such barriers ```