Primary and Secondary HTN Flashcards

0
Q

Reducing sodium in the diet by 50% is the equivalent of what other intervention?

A

Tobacco cessation

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1
Q

What is the cut off for “controlled” HTN?

A

<140/90

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2
Q

Why is HTN a risk factor for other cardiovascular disease?

A

Accelerates atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Patients with HTN often have other cardiovascular risk factors such as:

A
  • obesity
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • hypercholesterolemia
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4
Q

How much of a reduction in systolic BP is associated with reduced risk of MI and stroke in people under 60? Diastolic?

A

Systolic: 10-15 mm Hg
Diastolic: 5-6 mm Hg

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5
Q

How many visits with BP of >/=160 systolic or >/=100 diastolic are required to diagnose HTN?

A

3 visits at least a week apart

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6
Q

How many visits with a BP 140-160 mm Hg systolic and/or 90-100 mm Hg diastolic are required to diagnose HTN?

A

5

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7
Q

What is the BP cut off for diagnosing HTN via ambulatory measurements?

A

> /=135 SBP and/or >/=85 DBP

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8
Q

What are the target BP values for treatment in HTN patients with pre-existing diabetes chronic renal failure/disease?

A

<130/80 mm Hg

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9
Q

How high does the BP have to be to be able to diagnose HTN on the second office visit even in the absence of target organ failure, diabetes or chronic renal failure/disease?

A

> /=180 SBP and/or >/= 110 DBP

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10
Q

Which neural pathway regulates BP?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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11
Q

What makes up the humoral pathway of BP regulation?

A

RAAS

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12
Q

What is the MOA of angiotensin II?

A

Causes release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and directly causes vasoconstriction.

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13
Q

About what percentage of HTN is laballed primary HTN?

A

90-95%

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14
Q

What is the definition of primary HTN?

A

Diagnosed HTN without an obvious cause.

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15
Q

Would genetic factors play a role in primary HTN?

A

Undoubtedly

16
Q

What are some of the theories presented in lecture on the cause of primary HTN?

A
  • Mutations in genes coding for renal tubular sodium channels
  • Enhanced response to circulating endogenous catecholamines
  • Nature vs nuture
17
Q

When should suspect secondary HTN? (5)

A
  • HTN occurs at the extremes of age with unexpected target organ damage
  • Occurs abruptly
  • Response to therapy is atypical
  • Renal failure is present
  • Hypokalemia or hyper calcemia is present
18
Q

What does the A in the ABCDE diagnostic aid stand for? (3)

A
  • Accuracy
  • Apnea
  • Aldosteronism
19
Q

What does the B in the ABCDE diagnostic aid stand for? (2)

A
  • Bruits

- Bad kidneys

20
Q

What does the C in the ABCDE diagnostic aid stand for? (3)

A
  • Catecholamines eg: pheochromocytoma
  • Coarctation of the aorta: upper limb HTN
  • Cushing’s syndrome: pituitary adenoma causing increased cortisol release and by extension Na+/water retention
21
Q

What does the D in the ABCDE diagnostic aid stand for? (2)

A
  • Diet: sodium >2300g/day

- Drugs (prescription and non-prescription)

22
Q

What does the E in the ABCDE diagnostic aid stand for? (2)

A
  • Erythropoietin

- Endocrine disorders: hyper/hypothyroidism and hyperparathryoidism

23
Q

What are the four organs of target organ damage in HTN?

A
  • Eyes
  • Brain
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
24
Q

Describe the changes seen in Grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy.

A

Initially diffuse arterial spasm and narrowing, but fibrosis eventually leads to focal narrowing

25
Q

Describe the changes seen in Grade 2 hypertensive retinopathy.

A

Arteriole wall thickening where an artery crosses a vein causes compression of the vein (called arterio-venous nicking).

26
Q

Where do we look in the eye for changes due to hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Center of the retina called the fundus

27
Q

Do most patients with HTN report visual changes?

A

Nein

28
Q

How much would you have to reduce a patient’s BP by in order to reduce the incidence of stroke by 10%?

A

2-3 mm Hg

29
Q

Arterial HTN provides increased preload or afterload on the heart?

A

Afterload

30
Q

What is the physiologic response of the heart to chronic HTN? And what is this an independent risk factor for?

A
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy

- Stroke, MI, sudden death

31
Q

What are the two top causes of renal disease?

A

1 is diabetes and #2 is HTN

32
Q

What process normally protects the renal microvasculature from high BP?

A

Autoregulation

33
Q

What is the process of rarefaction?

A

Decrease in flow of vascular beds due to increasing size of muscularis layer of arteries which results in a decrease of lumen size.

34
Q

What is the net effect of increased vascular resistance in the kidneys?

A

Irreversible parenchymal scarring (hypertensive nephrosclerosis)

35
Q

Functionally, what is the net result of hypertensive renal disease?

A

Disordered sodium, potassium, and water filtration, resorption and secretion. Also results in albuminuria which is an independent indicator of adverse CV events.

36
Q

About what BP is considered a hypertensive emergency?

A

~250 SBP and 140 DBP

37
Q

What are some clinical features of hypertensive encephalopathy?

A

Headache, vomiting, confusion, seizures and ultimately coma.

38
Q

What are common CV conditions commonly associated with a hypertensive emergency? (5)

A
  • Hypertensive Encephalopathy
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Aortic dissection
  • Acute renal failure