Primary and secondary growth Flashcards
Explain primary growth.
Apical meristem divides rapidly to become shoots and roots. These cells also differentiate into the different types of tissue like vascular and epidermal.
Explain secondary growth.
Two types of lateral meristem: vascular and cork cambium. Vascular cambium divides into xylem and phloem, increasing the wideness of the plant stem, and cork cambium divides into cork.
What is the function of seeds?
Nourish the embryo during development
Disperse the seed farther away from the plant so there is less competition between offspring and find new habitats for adaptation. This can be through wind, animals, or water.
Explain the process of water and nutrients being transported into the vascular cylinder through the roots (different layers)
Water enters roots by osmosis
Nutrients enter by active transportation
They move past epidermis, cortex, then Casparian strip (barrier preventing water from going back). They have reached the vascular cylinder
Explain the process of water and nutrient transportation in the leaves and vascular cylinder.
Leaves are source of sugars, they enter phloem by active transportation.
High concentration of sugars in phloem, so water flows in from xylem (osmosis).
The water helps move the nutrients to the roots (sink), into which they diffuse (high to low concentration of sugars)
Then this water moves back into xylem to be moved up for transpiration
What is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm seeds?
Ang: enclosed in a fruit
Gym: bare, e.g. cones
What is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm life cycle?
Ang: seasonal, die during fall/winter
Gym: evergreen
What is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm leaves?
Ang: flat
Gym: needle-like, or scale-like
What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms in terms of cotyledons?
Ang: either monocot (single) or pair (double)
Gym: no cotyledons
What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms in terms of reproductive systems?
Ang: Reproductive system present in flowers, uni or bisexual
Gym: Reproductive system in cones, unisexual
What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms in terms of wood?
Ang: hardwood
Gym: softwood
What is the difference between monocots and dicots in terms of embryos?
Mono: One cotyledon
Di: Two cotyledons
What is the difference between monocots and dicots in terms of venation?
Mono: parallel
Di: branched
What is the difference between monocots and dicots in terms of wood?
Mono: Only herbaceous
Di: Herbaceous and woody
What is the difference between monocots and dicots in terms of vascular system?
Mono: Vascular tissue scattered throughout stem, no arrangement
Di: Vascular tissue forms a ring
