Primary

Question 1

What is the primary target of tissue degeneration?

Answer 1

The retinal ganglion cells.

Question 2

Describe normotensive glaucoma in dogs?

Answer 2

Beagles with POAG show evidence of functional abnormalities of RGCs and the ONH, as well as changes to the retinal microvasculature before high IOP (Ofri et al 1993, 1994)
Basset Hounds ERG changes can precede IOP elevations Grozdanic et al., 2010

Question 3

What is the cause of all glaucomas in animals?

Answer 3

Reduced aqueous humour outflow (AH) through pressure-affected trabecular meshwork and pressure independent uveo-scleral outflow (between sclera and ciliary body +/- choroid)

Question 4

What are possible mechanisms of ICA outflow obstruction in secondary glaucoma?

Answer 4

PIFM, decsemetization, endothelialisation, RBC, WBC, neopalsia or necrotising inflammation, obstruction of the pupil, anterior synechiae.

Question 5

What age are dogs affected by congenital glaucoma?

Answer 5

Younger than 6mo. May be along with overt and severe developmental anomalies.

Question 6

Which area of the retina is most sensitive to raised IOP?

Answer 6

The peripheral retina

Question 7

Where do Beagles with POAG tend to lose vision first?

Answer 7

Peripherally- central vision is last to go

Question 8

What diagnostic techniques may aid with early glaucoma detection?

Answer 8

OCT- may show retinal nerve fibre layer thinning

UBM may show narrowing of ciliary cleft

Question 9

What may result in chronic, high elevations of IOP secondary to reduced blood flow from the short ciliary arteries

Answer 9

Wedge-shaped areas of chorioretinal degeneration near ONH.