PRI Rule

Question 1

Kate Doyle

Answer 1

“When the pact between the people and the government began to come apart … Mexico’s extended political crisis began”

Question 2

Alexander Aviña on Mexico’s Dirty War

Answer 2

Mexico’s Dirty War encapsulated “the moments and systematic practices of state-sponsored terrorism used by the regime to target individuals and groups deemed as threats”

Question 3

John Sherman on the media

Answer 3

“docile print media”

Question 4

Adella Cedillo

Answer 4

(1) explored the disappearance of guerrillas during Mexico’s Dirty War of 1960s and 1970s
(2) concluded three members of National Liberation Forces were apprehended by the Mexican military, transported to a secret prison, and never seen alive again with no documentation of their death in federal custody

Question 5

Alexander Aviña on state violence

Answer 5

“assassinations, massacres in public spaces, and quotidian forms of state violence carried out by troops and state police became primary instruments of state domination”

Question 6

US Embassy description of Díaz Ordaz

Answer 6

“get tough, no nonsense” (Aug 1968)

Question 7

US Embassy predication of crackdown

Answer 7

“With the opening of the Olympics scheduled for 12 October, the government will probably meet any attempt to resume demonstrations with very tough measures” (Sept 1968)

Question 8

US Embassy description of the PRI (Nov 1968)

Answer 8

“the PRI is entrenched, stagnant, and primarily self-serving “

Question 9

US Embassy: “internal difficulties

Answer 9

are commonly attributed to ‘outside agitation’”

Question 10

Elena Poniatowska on slogans

Answer 10

student slogans: “Dictatorship, No, Democracy, Yes,” “Free the Political Prisoners”
Olympic slogans: “Welcome,” “Bienvenido a Mexico”

Question 11

Felix Fuentes account in La Prensa

Answer 11

“the bursts of machine gun fire”
“The shouts, the weeping, and the desperation”
ambulances prohibited from entering until around 7pm

Question 12

1970 Election

Answer 12

(1) 36% of registered voters did not vote, and 58% of eligible voters did not vote
(2) described as the abstentionist party
(3) Luis Echeverría PRI candidate victory

Question 13

Increase in student body

Answer 13

UNAM

1949: 23,000
1968: 80,000

Question 14

% of Mexican population against student movement

Answer 14

80%

Question 15

June 1971 Massacre

Answer 15

students and sympathisers marched in Mexico City, right-wing thugs (or porros) appeared (courtesy of free bus transportation), police stood and watched as gangsters savaged unarmed protestors, and killed two or three dozen

Question 16

How many armed guerrilla organisations appeared during Dirty War?

Answer 16

1940-82: more than three dozen appeared in almost every region, urban and rural, promulgating a diverse variety of revolutionary ideas and practices

Question 17

When was LC23S formed?

Answer 17

March 1973

Question 18

About LC23S

Answer 18

(1) umbrella group of radicalised student organisations, Marxist-Leninist ideology, primarily middle-class and urban
(2) only group able to maintain some kind of cohesion
(3) viewed armed struggle as the only feasible option following the student massacres of 1968 and 1971
(4) plagued by internal factionalism, battered by state forces, and lacked popular support
(5) dissolved in 1982

Question 19

PAX PRIísta

Answer 19

describes the relative peace during the post-1940 under PRI hegemony

Question 20

tactics employed to quell popular resistance

Answer 20

(1) repressive tactics
(2) massacre of protestors in public spaces
(3) selective assassination of dissident movement leaders

Question 21

When was the DFS established?

Answer 21

1947

Question 22

What does DFS stand for?

Answer 22

Dirección Federal de Seguridad

Question 23

What was the DFS?

Answer 23

(1) political police force
(2) preserved national security
(3) purged leftist union leaders

Question 24

Image of PRI versus reality of PRI

Answer 24

(1) cultivated image of modernisation, middle-class affluence, and revolutionary nationalism for both domestic and international audiences
(2) however majority of country experienced economic inequality and poverty

Question 25

1969-79 number of reported forced disappearances in Guerrero?

Answer 25

600

Question 26

capacity of PRI to guarantee hegemony twofold

Answer 26

(1) to deploy repressive forces in order to maintain political domination
(2) to control narrative surrounding incidents through formal and informal forms of censorship