previous exams Flashcards
1
Q
Compared to nutrition assessment, nutrition SCREENING is?
A
Is the first thing done to determine whether someone might be at risk for malnutrition
2
Q
Which one of the following represents the point of nutrient intake at which one half of the members of a given group will have its nutrient needs met while the remaining half will not?
A
Estimated average requirement
3
Q
Which approach to measuring diet is used by Willett and coworkers at Harvard University in such studies as the nurses health study and the health professionals follow up study?
A
Food frequency questionnaire
4
Q
Reactivity is a major point of concern for which type of dietary data collection?
A
Food record
5
Q
A set of nutrition principles developed by the USDA and the DHHS to help promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease is called?
A
The dietary guidelines for americans
6
Q
Which scoring tool was developed by the USDA for assessing the overall quality of the diets of Americans and their adherence to recommendations?
A
Healthy eating index
7
Q
The 2020-2025 Dietary guidelines for americans state that total daily sodium intake should be less than?
A
2300mg
8
Q
What is the problem portion of this nutrition diagnosis: ‘Excessive energy intake related to frequent consumption of high caloric foods as evidenced by rapid weight gain of 6 pounds per month’?
A
Excessive energy intake
9
Q
Which best explains why a single 24 hour recall is unsuitable for characterizing usual dietary intake?
A
Individuals often exhibit a high amount of intra individual variability
10
Q
Diet quality indices incorporate information from which two types of nutritional data compared to standards?
A
Nutrients and food groups
11
Q
What is the national program that includes 27 nutrition and healthy eating goals that are revised every 10 years?
A
Healthy people
12
Q
Which of the following is a new update to the nutrition facts label announced by the FDA on May 20th, 2016?
A
Added sugars added
13
Q
The availability of an instrument to produce the same estimate on two or more occasions, assuming that nothing has changed in the interim is known as?
A
Reliability
14
Q
What is the first step to the nutrition care process?
A
Nutrition assessment
15
Q
What is the prevalence of Alzheimer’s at the end of this year if there were 400,000 cases last year, 5,000 deaths, and 24,000 new cases?
A
419,000
16
Q
Which nutrient is not one of the 5 nutrients flagged as nutrients of public health concern for underconsumption in the 2020-2025 Dietary guidelines for americans?
A
Vitamin A
17
Q
Which statements BEST describe nutrient dense foods?
A
Foods that have high amounts of desirable nutrients and low added sugar, saturated fat, and sodium
18
Q
In a PES statement, E stands for?
A
Etiology
19
Q
Why are micronutrient deficiencies, especially thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate, much less prevalent in the US today?
A
Changes in the food supply like enrichment/fortification and higher amounts of food available
20
Q
What type of diet intake method was used by Burke beginning in the 1940s?
A
Diet history
21
Q
According to the DRIs, what percent of our kilocalories should come from carbohydrates for optimal health?
A
45-65%
22
Q
What is the foundation for establishing a comprehensive nutrition diagnosis?
A
Nutrient assessment data
23
Q
Which nutrition standard indicates the present range of kilocalories that one should consume from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
A
AMDR
24
Q
Which DRI standard is most suitable for evaluating the intake of populations, not individuals?
A
Estimated average requirement
25
Which of the following is a systemic method for nutrition care practitioners to provide nutrition-related care?
Nutrition care process
26
The AMPM is used to increase the accuracy of which dietary intake measure?
24-hour recall
27
What is the term for observations made during a physical exam that the client may or may not be aware of?
Signs
28
What is the first step in the automated multiple pass method of dietary assessment?
Quick list
29
The 2020-2025 Dietary guidelines for americans state that a total dietary intake of ______ should be less than 10% of total daily kilocalorie intake?
Added sugars
30
Which description is TRUE about the dietary guidelines and NOT true about DRIs?
Focused more on general reduction of chronic disease and whole foods as part of a healthy eating pattern
31
Collecting patients' signs and symptoms are in which category of nutrition assessment?
Clinical
32
Which activity would allow a researcher to investigate an instrument's FACE validity?
Obtain feedback from experts in survey design and/or tool content
33
Which of the following is a strength of the food record?
Allows opportunity for quantitative accuracy
34
When considering the relationship between validity and reliability of a self-reported instrument, which of the following is NOT logistically possible?
An instrument that is valid but NOT reliable
35
What is the phenomenon called when many traditionally hungry countries now have portions of the population that are in the extremes of malnutrition?
Double burden of disease
36
The process of identifying an individual who is at risk for malnutrition is known as?
Nutrition screening
37
What is the information provided on a nutrition facts panel that identifies how much a serving of food contributes to your intake of nutrients based on 2,000 calories a day?
Percent daily values
38
What is a fiducial marker in dietary intake measurement?
A checkerboard pattern or other tool to assist with sizing in digital food imaging
39
Studies comparing self-reported energy intake indicate that usually?
Subjects under report their energy intake
40
A product contains the words 'low-fat' in its label. What type of label claim is this?
Quantitative nutrient claim
41
The ability of a self-reported instrument to accurately measure what it is intended to measure is known as?
Validity
42
Which is NOT one of the 'Big Three' techniques of assessing dietary intake?
Diet history
43
What is the correct order of steps in the Nutrition care process?
Assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring/evaluation
44
Which statement about duplicate food collection is TRUE?
It is typically used by researchers doing diet pattern clinical trials requiring high accuracy
45
Which of the following is NOT a main component of nutrition assessment?
Chemical
46
Which dietary intake measure asks about average intake in the past, typically in the past year?
Food frequency questionnaire
47
Which is the recommended daily dietary intake level that is assumed to be adequate based on observed nutrient intake by a group of healthy people?
Adequate intake
48
Which of the following is not one of the three domains in the Nutrition care process diagnosis terminology?
Physiological
49
Which type of diet intake assessment tool cannot be used to determine individual-level dietary patterns?
Food accounts
50
Which of the following is a limitation of the face-to-face 24 hour recall?
Phantom and missing foods
51
What type of feeding refers to delivery of food and nutrients through a stomach tube
Enteral
52
At what age can children generally begin performing 24-hour recalls with reasonable accuracy
8 years
53
Which diet assessment instrument cannot, by design, provide an overview of total diet because it only include a small number of foods, typically focusing on one food group or one nutrient
Screener
54
When considering how much of a specific nurtient, like vitamin C, to consume on a daily basis, which of the folowing should be applied?
Consumed at or slightly above the RDA
55
For which of dietary intakes measures is the food list critical to the accuracy of measure?
Food frequency questionnaire
56
Because some experimental feeding studies are unethical to conduct in infants, the recommended intakes for most nutrients for infants up to age 1 year are expressed in terms of which standard that is interpreted similar to the RDA?
Adequate intake
57
58
For which of the following dietary intake assessment tools is intraindividual variability the biggest limitation?
Single 24-hour recall
59
Which of the approaches to measuring diet has the advantages of being both self-administered and readable?
Food frequency questionnaire
60
The FDA oversees proper branding and laeling of food products. which other federal organization works with the FDA to oversee advertising of food products in print and media
Federal trade commission
61
A product has this statement on its label: "diets containing foods that are a good source of potassium and that are low in sodium may reduce the risk for high blood pressure and stroke "What type of label claim is this?
Authorized health claim
62
One nutrition tool(number one) is a survey checklist conducted by a nurse that suggests someone is at high risk for malnutrition. Another(number 2) done by a dietitian assess malnutrition using aa combination of clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric data. What type of tools are they
Number 1 is a screening tool, Number 2 is an assessment tool
63
Measurement of weight, height, and body composition are in which category of nutrition assessment?
anthropometric
64
Which type of label claim has the least amount of restrictions and is most likely to be misleading?
Structure-function claim
65
What percentage of all households in the US were food insecure in 2023?
13.5%
66
DEXA can be used to conduct which two body assessments?
Bone mineral density and body mass index
67
Which two agencies collaborate on nutrition monitoring as part of the national nutrition monitoring?
USDA and DHHS
68
What is the most commonly used screening tool for cognitive function?
The mini mental state examination
69
Which body composition tool is a form of air displacement plethysmography?
BOD POD
70
Which skinfold site is the xiphisternal junction used to identify?
The correct horizontal position of the fold
71
The sagittal abdominal diameter measurement is a simple anthropometric index of what?
Visceral adiposity
72
During bioelectrical impedance body composition measurement, where is the greatest impedance found?
In fat
73
Who carried out the earliest efforts at nutritional monitoring in the US?
USDA
74
What is the body mass index of a man who is 5 feet, 5 inches tall and weighs 192 pounds?
32
75
What is parallax?
Error when a measure’s eyes are not directly reading the instrument measurement
76
What is true about current dietary data collection of NHANES?
2 days of 24 hour recall interviewing: day 1 in person, day 2 approx 3-10 days later by phone
77
What is the general definition of undernutrition?
Unintentional weight loss of >5% in 1 month or >10% in 6 months
78
In the mini nutritional assessment, what can demispan be used to estimate?
It can be used, if necessary
79
What does the foundation for the national institute of health sarcopenia project recommend to determine weakness associated with low muscle mass in older adults?
Hand grip strength test
80
What waist circumference is considered risky for health in women and men?
>35 inches in women and >40 inches in men
81
Which malnutrition assessment tool is considered the 'gold standard' for undernutrition assessment?
Includes physical examination of fat and muscle loss in the evaluation criteria
82
What happens to a person with greater percent body fat underwater compared to someone who is leaner at the same weight?
They will weigh less
83
Which is not one of the 4 main components in a comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)?
Environmental health
84
What is true for recumbent length measurement?
It is a method for measuring length in individuals unable to stand
85
What is true about the ten state Nutrition survey?
The survey led to the addition of dietary assessment component to the NHES and to the beginning of NHANES
86
What is the first year that valid and reliable disappearance data are available?
1909
87
What is true about food availability data?
It overestimates food intake and food waste impacts the data
88
Which condition tends to increase nitrogen excretion and REE the most?
Major burn
89
What tool is used to measure hand-grip strength?
Dynamometer
90
What was the correct historical order of dietary monitoring project initiation?
1. National food availability, 2. National household food consumption survey, 3. CSFII, 4. NHANES
91
Which term related to food security describes those who consume mostly fast food and snacks to save money?
Food insecure individuals with normal to high caloric intake
92
What is a measurement of frame size in adults?
Elbow breadth
93
What can dehydration during bioelectrical impedance measurement result in?
Inaccurate body composition estimates
94
What food availability trend has increased substantially in the last several decades?
Cheese
95
What type of obesity is associated with more adverse health outcomes?
Visceral obesity
96
What do the 2 question malnutrition screening tools ask about?
Weight loss and eating less
97
IADLs require a higher level of what compared to ADLs?
Cognition and judgment
98
Why can edema be seen in undernourished individuals?
Due to lack of protein in the blood
99
What weight category would a 10 year old whose BMI for sex and age is at the 75th percentile fall into?
Healthy weight
100
What types of body composition assessments do underwater weighing, air displacement plethysmography, and DEXA scans use?
Densitometry
101
In which year did the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey begin?
1971
102
Where is the triceps skinfold site located?
Midway between the lateral projection of the acromion process
103
What is the term that describes age-related muscle loss in elderly populations?
Sarcopenia
104
At a BMI of less than what value may waist circumference be a better predictor of disease risk?
35 kg
105
What is the anatomical marker for correct measurement of waist circumference?
Top of iliac crest
106
How are food availability data derived?
By subtracting food exports and animal feed from food produced and imported
107
For which nutrition monitoring project is food waste a major concern?
Food availability
108
What is not a strength of food availability data?
Can directly measure individuals' intake
109
What statement is true about basal and resting metabolic rate (MR)?
They are often used interchangeably but can differ based on measurement conditions
110
What is body mass index also known as?
Quetelet's index
111
What two elements does indirect calorimetry measure to estimate energy expenditure?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
112
How can the presence of edema impact malnutrition assessments?
It can mask weight loss
113
Which of the following is an Activity of Daily Living (ADL)?
Dressing
114
Which statement is false about mobile examination centers?
They travel to countries in every state every year
115
According to the Hamwi equation, what should a 43 year old male who is 5'11" weigh approximately?
172 pounds
116
Which national health assessment surveillance study gives the best current estimates for dietary intake?
NHANES
117
What BMI should be used to calculate nutrition needs for Rosie who had a lower leg and foot amputation?
Adjusted BMI based on current height and weight
118
What is not one of the AND/ASPEN criteria for diagnosing malnutrition?
Specific laboratory values
119
What does the frankfort plane refer to?
The plane between eye orbital and ear notch when height or length is measured
120
Which of these is not one of the major eight sites of skinfold testing?
Gluteal
121
Which cardiovascular disease lab test must be done fasting?
triglycerides
122
The Friedewald equation is used to calculate, rather than directly measure, which biochemical test for cardiovascular disease?
LDL
123
Which of the following occurs first in stage 2 iron deficiency?
serum transferrin decrease
124
What is universally considered the standard for rebound time in diagnosing stage of pitting edema?
Not Seidel, Not O’Sullivan, Not Hogan → There is no universally agreed upon standard
125
Which model of iron status assessment is used by NHANES and includes serum ferritin and serum transferrin receptor?
body model
126
Which serum protein used in nutritional assessment would demonstrate the highest responsiveness to nutrition intervention?
prealbumin
127
Nitrogen balance can be used to assess body status of which component in the body?
protein
128
During a Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE), a trained dietitian presses into a client's skin above the ankles with her/his fingers to assess for edema. What examination technique is being used?
palpation
129
Which of the following best describes the relationship between malnutrition and edema?
Malnutrition often causes edema due to the imbalance of electrolytes and proteins in the body, potentially masking underlying weight loss.
130
During a Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE), a trained dietitian observes that the client has pale skin and mucus membranes. What would this assessment be considered?
Sign
131
Which risk factor was most recently added to the American Heart Association’s recommendations to make the 'Life’s Essential 8'?
sleep
132
What proportion of metabolically protein is somatic?
75%
133
Someone with a blood pressure of 132/75 would fall into which blood pressure category?
stage 1 hypertension
134
Which serum protein is most abundant?
albumin
135
A substance that is a waste product of muscle contraction, can be measured in the urine, and used in a height index to estimate level of muscle depletion is called __________.
creatinine
136
If 'corkscrew hair' along with petechiae is observed during a Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE), what is the most likely nutrition-related deficiency being experienced?
Vitamin C
137
Spoon shaped nails that can be a sign of a micronutrient deficiency is called?
Koilonychia
138
If a lab runs a set of cholesterol tests and the results are very similar (grouped together), but not close to the 'true' value (off-target), how would that cholesterol lab measurement be characterized?
high precision, high bias
139
The classic sign of vitamin A deficiency in the eyes during a Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE) is called?
muscular degeneration
140
Three modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease are most prevalent in the population. Which of the following is NOT one of those three?
smoking
141
An above normal value for mean corpuscular volume might indicate which type of anemia?
folate
142
Which measurement of vitamin C status indicates level of tissue stores (or saturation) of vitamin C?
leukocyte concentration
143
Which test is the gold standard for vitamin A status?
liver biopsy
144
Which of the following is NOT included in dietary guidance within American Heart Association’s (AHA) Life’s Essential 8?
eliminate all ultra processed foods
145
Fluid accumulation in the abdominal region, often associated with cirrhosis of the liver, is also known as?
ascites
146
What type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is due to low intake?
primary
147
What is an ACCURATE characteristic of glycated hemoglobin?
reflects average blood glucose levels in past 2-3 months
148
What is a sphygmomanometer used for?
blood pressure
149
What type of biochemical assessment is a light-dark adaptation test?
Function (indirect)
150
What of the following about lab test precision and bias is TRUE?
precision is required for accuracy
151
When follicular hyperkeratosis is noted during a Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE), what is the most likely nutrition-related deficiency being experienced?
Vitamin A
152
Which of the following is NOT an indication of iron deficiency in the NFPE?
Corkscrew hairs
153
According to the American Heart Association, which lifestyle modification yields the biggest average reduction in systolic blood pressure?
DASH eating plan
154
What is the major reason for drops in blood cholesterol since the 1960s?
medications
155
Which is NOT one of the 3 sites used to assess fat wasting during a Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE)?
Shoulder
156
Which of the following is NOT one of the American Heart Association’s (AHA) Life’s Essential 8 indicators?
inflammation (C-reactive protein)
157
During a NFPE, a trained dietitian listens to a client's bowel sounds through a stethoscope. What examination technique is being used?
auscultation
158
Which term describes prevention of risk factor development?
Primordial
159
Why can ambulatory blood pressure assessment be more accurate than clinical blood pressure assessment?
it eliminates white coat tension
160
Serum ferritin changes occur in which stage of iron deficiency anemia?
Stage 1
161
What proportion of blood lipid laboratory error are pre-analytical?
⅔
162
Which of the following is NOT a site used to assess muscle wasting during a NFPE?
neck
163
What is the heaviest and largest organ of the human body?
skin
164
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 major types of cardiovascular disease?
congenital heart disease
165
Purple or red spots under the skin that can be the result of vitamin C or vitamin K deficiency are called __________.
petechiae
166
Which of the following is recognized as the single laboratory test for reliably assessing impaired iron status?
no single test can assess iron state
167
Which is the hemoglobin A1C cutpoint for diabetes?
6.5%
168
FAST is an acronym that can help detect signs of_____?
stroke
169
Which measurement of folate status reflects recent folate intake?
serum concentration
170
What is the classic sign of dehydration when assessing the skin during a NFPE?
decreased skin turgor
171
What is the cutpoint for serum concentration of vitamin D that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) indicates as deficient?
<30 nmol/L
172
During a NFPE, a trained dietitian would like to assess muscle wasting of the interosseous muscle. How would he/she do that?
ask client to make an 'ok' sign, pinching thumb and forefinger together
173
What is the gold standard for assessment of bone calcium status?
DXA scan
174
The 'flag sign' during a NFPE is an abnormality of?
hair
175
Which measurement of lab testing incorporates bias and coefficient of variation?
total analytical error
176
Serum proteins are which type of protein?
visceral
177
Extensive loss of skeletal muscle related to aging is called?
sarcopenia
178
In which state of iron deficiency anemia will hemoglobin concentration most certainly be below reference values?
Stage 3
179
What does a serum calcium test indicate about the status of bones?
serum calcium concentrations are tightly controlled regardless of the amount of calcium in the bones.
180
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor criterion used in assessing metabolic risk syndrome?
BMI
181
Which is NOT a functional biochemical test of vitamin B12 status?
serum B12
182
A FUNCTIONAL BIOCHEMICAL TEST FOR B12 ARE:
Plasma total homocysteine, urine methylmalonic acid, serum methylmalonic acid
183
Which of the following is NOT an indication of vitamin A deficiency?
Hollow eyes
184
WHICH ARE VIT A DEFICIENCIES?
Bitot’s spots, follicular hyperkeratosis, night blindness
