Previous Exam Questions Flashcards
Define:
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
Hypertrophy - the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in the size of its cells
Hyperplasia - the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increased in the reproduction rate of its cells
What are the six qualities of strength?
- Maximum strength - highest force capacity of the neuromuscular system in eccentric, concentric and isometric contraction
- High load speed strength - highest force capability of the neuromuscular system during dynamic eccentric and concentric actions under a relatively heavy load (>30% of max) and performed as rapidly as possible
- low-load speed strength - as above <30% of max
- Rate of force development - the rate at which the neuromuscular system is able to develop force, measured by calculating the slope of force time curve on the rise to maximum force of the action
- reactive strength - ability of the neuromuscular system to tolerate relatively high stretch load and change movement from rapid eccentric to rapid concentric
- Skill performance - ability of the motor control system to coordinate the mm contraction sequences to make the greatest use of the other 5 strength qualities such that the total movement best achieves the desired outcomes
Time frame of tenocytes and how it would change your training plans
Type one collagen formation after 3 hours of running peaks 96 hours later (4 days), indicating HTL session should be used every 3-4 days with MTL or LTL used in between
How long until your out of rehab?
‘rehab is not over when you return to sport or work’
return to sport is 70-90% of normal training load
What are open and closed chain exercises? Give examples
open chain - usually single joint movement, performed in non weight bearing position where the distal segment moves freely through space (e.g. biceps curl)
closed chain - involves multiple joints and performed in weight bearing positions with a flexed distal extremity (i.e. push up)
List and describe stages of rehab
Initial phase:
- From the time of the injury to almost pain free ROM. Basic first aid (RICE). Treatment/management focused on ST and joint mobility and pain relief. Heat/Ice/US/Passive/ Active mobility may all help in reducing pain and improving normal ROM
Intermediate stage:
- Commences when patient is able to perform most of their ADLs, has good ROM and reasonable strength throughout ROM. Focus on gaining flexibility and full ROM - stretching injured areas as well as surrounding area. Aiming to improve overall mobility. Restriction of joint will req arctic/mobilisation - active/passive. Fitness restoration. Strengthening program.
Advanced stage:
- good strength and endurance with full flexibility and ROM. ADLs should produce no symptoms, and proprioceptive, agility and functional work should all be performed without any adverse effects. Limited ‘return to sport’ program while continuing mm conditioning/flexibility/ proprioceptive/agility work. mm conditioning becomes completely sports specific. Progression of strength, endurance, power etc. (Always look at patients weakness)
Return to sport:
- Following criteria should be used when deciding on a full return to sport:
1. Time constraint for ST healing
2. Pain free ROM
3. No persistent swelling
4. Adequate strength and endurance
5. Good flexibility and proprioception
6. Adequate cardiovascular fitness
7. skills regained
8. no biomechanical abnormality - structural or skills based
9. psychologically ready
10. Coach satisfied with training form
11. rehab is not over when you return to sport
List and discuss the stages of change
- Pre contemplation - ‘No - not considering change’. May be education but no belief of desire in the need to change
- Contemplation - ‘thinking about it’. May be due to a timely event, it is often learning what the outcomes of a change will be for that person. not generic info, but personally specific relevant info or events
- Preparation - This stage combines intention and behavioural change. Individuals are intending to take action within the next month. There may be small behavioural changes here. Determination - making a decision to change
- action - ‘doing it’ - this is the transitional stage between shifting the balance in favour of change and getting things going. Determination can lead to action if you thoroughly conducer your addictive behaviour and have begun to establish goals which meet your individual needs and values. You need to determine exactly what you need to modify. Your goal does not have to be all or nothing - any change which is healthy is ab achievement. you MUST actually modify your behavioural environment and lifestyle in order to overcome your habit. This stage requires considerable time and commitment of energy. Modification of the target behaviour to an acceptable to an acceptable criteria, and significant overt efforts to change are the hallmark of action.
- Maintenance - ‘living it’. Techniques - stimulus control (recognises triggers for addictive behaviour). Predicts environment, talk back urges, talk back negative thoughts, learn to cope with pressure from others, lifestyle enhancement (What are you going to do without your addictive behaviour? Try and make life exciting). This stage is where you work to prevent relapses and consolidate gains attained during action. Maintenance is a continuation, not absence of action. Stabilising behaviour change and avoiding relapses is a hallmark of maintenance.
- Relapse - ‘oops, start over’. Consider relapses in terms of degree. Slips and setback are a part of learning. Try to learn from the mistakes and get back into the cycle.
Special populations (who are at risk in pregnancy)
Physical Characteristics :
- Girls <15 years are at increased risk of preeclampsia
- Young girls are also at increased risk of having underweight or undernourished babies
- Women >35 years are at increased risk of problems such as high BP, gestational diabetes, and complications during labor
- Women <45kg before pregnancy are likely to have small underweight babies
- Obese women are more likely to have very large babies, which may be difficult to deliver. Also more likely to develop gestational diabetes and preeclampsia
- Women <5ft tall are more likely to have a small pelvis and have difficulties with vaginal birth. Also short women are more likely to have preterm labour ad undersized baby
Special characteristics:
- being unmarried or n a lower socioeconomic group increases risk during pregnancy. Reason is unknown, but may be due to characteristics that are more common amongst these women (i.e. smoking, poor diet, less medical care etc.)
Disorders before pregnancy:
- Women who have heart failure before pregnancy are at considerable risk of problems (outcomes depends on which heart diseases)
- anaemia
- kidney disorders (may rapidly worsen during pregnancy)
- chronic hypertension (high risk of preeclampsia, worsening of hypertension, underdeveloped foetus, premature detachment and still birth
- diabetes (poorly managed diabetes may cause miscarriage or significant birth defects)
asthma (25% get worse during pregnancy)
Contraindications to exercise during pregnancy
- Heart valve disease
- Kidney disease
- Obesity/overweight
- Hypertension
- Multiple pregnancies
- Incompetent cervix
Case study - findings given
Determine 2 exercises/stretches for each
Name four cervical stabilising mm
longus colli, longuscapitus, semispinalis, spinalis
List three points in pinjabi’s model
- The control system - neural based
- The passive system - spinal column
- Active subsystem - muscles
List 10 points to consider when deciding on an appropriate rehab program?
- Age
- Fitness (aerobic), strength, flexibility
- previous exercise level
- current and past injuries
- pain levels
- time constraints
- concurrent illness (OA, OP, CVD, diabetes)
- joint health
- healing times
- ?????
