Previous Exam Flashcards
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Phenobarbital USP
Malonic‑ester condensation (Knoevenagel condensation)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Aniline
Reduction (nitro → amine via catalytic hydrogenation)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Chlorobenzene
Electrophilic aromatic halogenation
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Propranolol HCl
Williamson ether synthesis (nucleophilic substitution)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Vinyl Acetate
Esterification (acetoxylation of ethylene)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Diethyl Ether
Etherification (acid‑catalyzed dehydration)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Nitro Benzene
Nitration (electrophilic aromatic nitration)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Furosemide
Sulfonylation (sulfonamide formation)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Ascorbic Acid
Oxidation (lactone formation of sugar)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Cimetidine
Nucleophilic substitution (S_NAr)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Procaine Hydrochloride USP
Esterification (acylation of amino‑alcohol)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Acetaminophen
Acetylation (acylation of p‑aminophenol)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Polystyrene
Free‑radical polymerization
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Diazepam
Condensation (benzodiazepine ring closure)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Ether USP
Etherification (acid‑catalyzed dehydration)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Cumene
Friedel–Crafts alkylation
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Isoniazid USP
Hydrazide formation (condensation of acid + hydrazine)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Chloroform USP
Haloform reaction (halogenation + hydrolysis)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Nicotinamide USP
Amidation (amide formation from nicotinic acid + NH₃)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Phenol
Oxidation (cumene process followed by acid cleavage)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Unsaturated vinyl Esters
Esterification
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Erythromycin
Fermentation
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Acetylene
Hydrolysis (CaC₂ + H₂O → C₂H₂)
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Streptomycin
Fermentation
Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Propoxyphene
Nucleophilic alkylation (S_N reaction)
What fraction is these products from? : Natural gasoline
Natural gas
What fraction is these products from? : Motor gasoline, Solvent napthas, kerosene, light heating oils
Light Distillates
What fraction is these products from? : Heavy fuel oils, Diesel oils, Gas oils
Intermediate Distillates
What fraction is these products from? : Heavy Mineral oils, Heavy flotation oils, waxes, lubricating oils (larger)
Heavy Distillates
What fraction is these products from? : Lubricating oils (smaller), Fuel oils, Petrolatum, Road Oils, Asphalts, Coke
Residues
Differentiate Softwood and Hardwood
Softwood: gymnosperms (conifers), needle leaves, simpler structure, lighter, fast-growing, uniform grain. Hardwood: angiosperms, broad leaves, complex structure with vessels, denser, slower growth, varied grain.
Production of Vinegar
Two-stage: 1) Alcoholic fermentation by yeast (sugars → ethanol); 2) Acetic fermentation by Acetobacter (ethanol + O₂ → acetic acid). Methods: Orleans, generator, submerged culture.
How nuclear power provides electricity
Fission in reactor releases heat → produces high-pressure steam → drives turbine connected to generator → electricity. Steam is condensed and recirculated; control rods and coolant systems ensure safety.
Compare and Contrast Soaps and Detergents
Soaps: fatty acid salts, biodegradable, poor in hard water (scum formation). Detergents: synthetic sulfates/sulfonates, effective in hard water, stable across pH/temperature, customizable, some less biodegradable.
Paper production through kraft pulping
Wood chips cooked with white liquor (NaOH + Na₂S) at 150–170°C to dissolve lignin and hemicellulose → pulp washed, screened, bleached → papermaking. Spent black liquor is recovered for chemicals and energy.
Differentiate Thermoplastic and Thermosetting
Thermoplastics: linear/slightly branched polymers, soften/melt on heating, remoldable, recyclable (e.g., PE, PS). Thermosets: heavily crosslinked, cure irreversibly, rigid, heat-resistant, non-remoldable (e.g., epoxy, bakelite).
Classifications of Dyes by Use (12 categories)
- Acid dyes 2. Basic (cationic) dyes 3. Direct dyes 4. Mordant dyes 5. Reactive dyes 6. Vat dyes 7. Disperse dyes 8. Sulfur dyes 9. Azoic (naphthol) dyes 10. Fluorescent brighteners 11. Pigment dyes 12. Oxidation (developed) dyes.
Sugar refinery of sugar cane
1) Extraction: milling or diffusion. 2) Clarification: lime + heat. 3) Evaporation: syrup. 4) Crystallization: vacuum pans. 5) Centrifugation: separate crystals and molasses. 6) Drying/grading.
Explain Vulcanization
Rubber mixed with sulfur and accelerators, then heated. Sulfur forms cross-links between polymer chains, producing elastic, tough, heat-resistant material.
Importance of N, P, and K in growing plants
N: amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll; promotes foliage. P: ATP, nucleic acids; supports roots, flowering, energy transfer. K: osmotic balance, enzyme activation, drought tolerance, disease resistance.
