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E) Cell Biology - Term 1 > Preview of the cell and cell types > Flashcards

Preview of the cell and cell types Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells classified into?

A

Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

define a cell.

A

Basic unit of structure and function in the body.

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3
Q

why are cells so complex?

A

Cells are highly complex and well organized
They manage hundred of thousands of complex reactions almost every second. Cell is capable of independently sustaining and reproducing itself.

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4
Q

name the different parts of a cell.

A 
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Cytoskeleton
Vacoule
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5
Q

discuss prokaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures

therefore they do not have a nucleus but instead generally have a single chromosome which is a piece of circular double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid

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6
Q

what is a nucleoid and which type of cell do we find it in and what is found in the nucleoid?

A

Nucleoid is a DNA region in prokaryotic cells. Contains a single circular DNA chromosome

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7
Q

define eukaryotic cell and give examples of organisms that have this type of cell.

A

Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles and are enclosed by a plasma membrane.
E.g protozoa, fungi, plants and animals.

Grouped in a biological domain called Eukaryota.

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8
Q

what is the name of the group into which organisms with eukaryotic cells are grouped?

A

Eukaryota

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9
Q

write as many differences between prokaryotic vs eukaryotic.

A

Prokaryotic cells:
have no nucleus, have no membrane-enclosed organelles, have single chromosome, no streaming in the cytoplasm, cell division without mitosis, simple flagella, smaller ribosomes, simple cytoskeleton, no cellulose in cell walls, no histone proteins.

Eukaryotic cells:
they do have a nucleus, they have membrane-enclosed organelles, they have chromosomes in pairs, they have streaming in the cytoplasm, their cell division is by mitosis, they have complex flagella, larger ribosomes, they have a complex cytoskeleton, cellulose in the cells, and DNA is bound to histone protein.

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10
Q

define cell organelle.

A

Cell organelles are distinct structures inside cells.

May be enclosed by one membrane, two or no membrane.

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11
Q

what is the function of cell organelles?

A

They function to compartmentalize biochemical reactions. With the enzymes and substrates for a reaction in the same compartment. The products of reactions are passed on to next enzyme by adding that enzyme to the compartment. Enables maintenance of different conditions to the rest of the cell.

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12
Q

what are the components of the cell membrane?

A

Lipid -major component, PREVENTS the passage of hydrophilic(Water Soluble Molecules)
Proteins – ALLOW movement of water-soluble molecules
Carbohydrates on surface attached to lipids/proteins:
O Cell-to-cell interaction
O Cell recognition

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13
Q

what is the basic structure that all cell membranes have in common?

A

Proteins suspended in a double layer of phospholipids
Maintains integrity of cells
Separates fluid and contents inside from those outside

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14
Q

on the cell membrane are found membrane proteins, what are their functions?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Enzymatic activity
  3. Receptors for signal transduction
  4. Intercellular joining
  5. Cell to cell recognition
  6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
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15
Q

what are the crucial functions of the plasma cell membrane?

A

Isolates cell’s contents from the external environment

Regulates the exchange of essential substances

Regulates biochemical reactions

Allows communication between cells

Creates attachments within and between cells

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16
Q

what is meant by cytoplasm?

A

Is the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Site where most cellular activities are accomplished

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17
Q

what cellular activities occur in the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is the site of most cellular activities including metabolism, cell division, and protein synthesis. Glycolysis is also an example

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18
Q

the cytoplasm consists of three major elements, what are they?

A
  1. The cytosol- is the viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the cytoplasmic elements are suspended.
  2. Cytoplasmic organelles- metabolic machinery of the cell; some synthesize proteins, others package those proteins
  3. Inclusions- chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on cell type. Examples include stored nutrients, such as the glycogen granules abundant in liver and muscle cells; lipid droplets common in fat cells; pigment (melanin) granules seen in certain cells of skin and hair, and crystals of various types.
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19
Q

what are cytoplasmic organelles? what does it mean to be membranous and non-membranous organelle?

A

Specialized cellular compartments, each performing its own function to maintain the life of a cell.

Non-membranous organelles –lack membrane

Most organelles are bounded by a membrane similar to a plasma membrane and this membrane enables membranous organelles to maintain an internal environment different from that of the surrounding cytosol.

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20
Q

what is a mitochondrion and what are its functions?

A

Are threadlike or sausage-shaped membranous organelles.

A powerhouse of the cell providing most of its ATP supply

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21
Q

list organelles found in the cytoplasm.

A 
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
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22
Q

describe the structure and components of mitochondria.

A

Enclosed by two membranes; the outer membrane is smooth and featureless and the inner membranes folding inwards forming cristae
Cristae protrude to the matrix (gel-like substance).
Contain their own DNA and RNA and are able to reproduce themselves.
Contain their own ribosomes, the 70S, rRNA, and tRNA.
Self-replicating in response to cell need
Support endosymbiotic theory.

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23
Q

what are ribosomes and what are they responsible for in the cell?

A

They are small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA.
Some ribosomes float in the cytoplasm and others attached to a membrane called the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes are protein synthesis machinery

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24
Q

ribosome is a combination of things big and small what are they called?

A

Consist of the 50s and 30s

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25
Q

what is Golgi apparatus and what is its major function?

A

Consist of stacked and flattened membranous sacs, shaped like a hollow dinner plates
Is the principal traffic director for cellular proteins
Major function: is to modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER.

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26
Q

why do we need lysosomes in the cell (function)? what do they contain inside that helps them carry out their function?

A

Lysosomes function as a cell’s “demolition crew” by
Digestive particles are taken in by endocytosis, particular ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles
Performing metabolic functions, such as glycogen breakdown and release
Breaking down non-useful tissues, such as the webs between the fingers and toes of a developing fetus and the uterine lining during menstruation
Breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood

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27
Q

what is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Is an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid filled cavities or cisternae that coils and twists through the cytosol

28
Q

what is the importance of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER- its ribosomes manufacture all proteins secreted from cells; it is abundant and well developed in most secretory cells, antibody-producing plasma cells and liver cells which produce blood proteins

29
Q

what does the smooth ER do?

A

it is continuation of rough ER; no role in protein synthesis.

30
Q

where are lysosomes found most abundantly? why?

A

Are spherical membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes

Large and FOUND MOST abundantly in phagocytes

Phagocytes eat stuff and must digest it.

31
Q

what are the three types of rods in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules- hollow tubes; movements of organelles; forms cilia, flagella, centrioles
Microfilaments- actin; cell movements; support of cells
Intermediate filaments

32
Q

discuss the function of the cytoskeleton .

A

Elaborated series of rods running through the cytosol.
Its acts as a cell’s bones, muscles and ligaments by supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements

33
Q

— are made up of fibrous proteins that are organized into tough, rope like assemblages (coiled coils)?

A

Intermediate filaments

34
Q

what are intermediate filaments’ major structural functions?

A

have two major structural functions:
They stabilize cell structure.
They resist tension.

35
Q

The microfilament, part of the cytoskeleton. discuss.

A

Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton
Each cell has its own unique arrangement of microfilaments
Attached to CAMs – responsible for the crawling movements of amoeboid motion
Responsible for membrane changes that accompany endocytosis and exocytosis

Cell moved by:
Fila podia- extension thin finger-like structure
Lamellipodia-extension thin sheet
Both utilize lots of f-actin and more gets added in the front as the cell moves
Myosin pushes fibres against cell membrane to move cell forward
Microfilament form basis of microvilli and stereo cilia

36
Q

microtubules? discuss

A

Microtubules are long, hollow cylinders made up of many molecules of the protein tubulin.
Consists of two subunits: alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin
Microtubules have two roles:
They form a rigid internal skeleton.
They act as a framework along which motor proteins can move and organize structures in the cell.
Microtubules are directional.Often originate from a center close to the nucleus: the centrosome

37
Q

what are the 2 types of axonal transport? explain

A

Anterograde transport
-From cell body to synapse.

Retrograde transport
-Unwanted substances from synapse to cell body for destruction by lysosomes.

38
Q

What does the nucleus contain that is so important?

A

The nucleus​ is a membrane-bound structure that contains the cell’s hereditary information and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction.

39
Q

discuss the nucleus. where is it found? where is not found? what in and around the nucleus?

A

Present in all eukaryotic cells, they may be absent in few cells like the mammalian RBCs.
It is mostly round, it may be oval, disc-shaped depending on the type of cell.
It is the command center of a eukaryotic cell and is commonly the most prominent organelle in a cell.

40
Q

what are the functions of the nucleus?

A

It controls the heredity characteristics of an organism.
It maintains cellular metabolism by controlling the synthesis of particular enzymes.
It is responsible for DNA replication, cell division, growth, and differentiation.
Stores heredity material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands.Also stores proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleolus

It is a site for transcription process in which messenger RNA (mRNA) are produced for protein synthesis.
It helps in exchange of DNA and RNA (heredity materials) between the nucleus and the rest of the cell.
Nucleolus produces ribosomes and are known as protein factories.
It also regulates the integrity of genes and gene expression.

41
Q
  • list the fundamental properties of the cell.
A

Cells are highly complex and organized
Cells possess a genetic program and the means to use it.
Cells are capable of producing more of themselves
Cells acquire and utilize energy
Cells carry out a variety of chemical reactions
Cells engage in mechanical activities
Cells are able to respond to stimuli
Cells are capable of self-regulation
Cells evolve

42
Q
  • who performed the first culture of human cells? when? what type of cells did he culture?
A

1951
George Gey of Johns Hopkins University
• Malignant tumour from Henrietta Lacks –HeLa cells
Still cultured in labs today
Cells cultured in the lab (in vitro) are easier to study than cells in the body (in vivo)

43
Q
  • what do we mean by cells are complex? what is the consequence of this complexity?
A

Complex –consisting of many different and connected parts

The more complex a structure, the greater the number of parts that must be in their proper place,
the less tolerance of errors in the nature and interactions of the parts,
and the more regulation or control that must be exerted to maintain the system.

44
Q
  • what do we mean by organized? discuss
A

Organized –arranged in a systematic way

the organization of these molecules into giant polymers; and the organization of different types of polymeric molecules into complexes, which in turn are organized into subcellular organelles and finally into cells.
As will be apparent, there is a great deal of consistency at every level.
Each type of cell has a consistent appearance when viewed under a high-powered electron microscope; that is, its organelles have a particular shape and location, from one individual of a species to another.
Similarly, each type of organelle has a consistent composition of macromolecules, which are arranged in a predictable pattern.
Consider the cells lining your intestine that are responsible for removing nutrients from your digestive tract

45
Q
  • whats the genetic program cells possess?
A

Organisms are built according to information encoded in a collection of genes, which are constructed of DNA.
Information is packaged into a set of chromosomes that occupies the space of a cell nucleus.
Genes are more than storage lockers for information: they constitute the blueprints for constructing cellular structures, the directions for running cellular activities, and the program for making more of themselves.

46
Q
  • how do cells reproduce themselves?
A

Occurs by division:

• Genetic material is duplicated, then the “mother” cell divides into 2 “daughter” cells

47
Q
  • how do cells acquire and use energy? why do they convert it to another type of energy? what type of energy is this?
A

In plant cells, chloroplasts capture light energy and convert it to energy-rich carbohydrates e.g. glucose, starch
Most animal cells receive energy as glucose
Broken down to a more usable form –ATP

48
Q
  • what catalyses chemical reactions in the cells? what do these reactions represent?
A

Enzymes = molecules which catalyze these chemical reactions

All chemical reactions within a cell represent that cells’ metabolism

49
Q
  • what mechanical activities do cells perform? give examples.
A

Transport materials from place to place
E.g. endocytic vesicles can be transported to the lysosome

Assemble/disassemble structures
E.g. actin cytoskeleton in eukaryotes and PG layer in prokaryotes

Movement of the cell itself
E.g. phagocytes leave the bloodstream via a process called
Diapedesis and enter the tissues at the site of a wound

50
Q
  • how do unicellular protists respond to stimuli?
A

moves towards a source of nutrients

51
Q
  • how do multicellular organisms respond to stimuli?
A

Most cells are covered with receptors which respond to environment triggers
Detect hormones, growth factors, extracellular material, substances on the surface of other cells
May trigger a change in metabolic activity, movement from 1 place to another, or apoptosis of the cell

52
Q
  • why do all cellular processes require constant regulation?
A

All cellular processes require constant regulation
E.g. failure to correct a mistake in DNA replication may cause a damaging mutation or a breakdown in the cells growth regulation system causing it to become cancerous

53
Q
  • how do cells evolve?
A

Mutations can occur naturally in DNA over time
Harmful –selected against –cell dies
Beneficial –survival or reproductive advantage, will dominate
population over time

54
Q
  • what type of macromolecule does not self-replicate?
A

Polypeptides

55
Q

only — can self replicate.

A

nucleic acids

56
Q
  • RNA can catalyse several reactions give example?
A

incl. polymerization of nucleotides

i. e. RNA = template and catalyst for it’s own replication

57
Q
  • how did early cells obtain nutrients ?
A

Early cells
Lived in a sea of organic molecules
Obtained nutrients directly from the environment

58
Q
  • Present cells perform — which is a mechanism for energy where glucose is converted to ATP?
A

Glycolysis:(anaerobic)

•Mechanism for energy in preformed glucose to be converted to ATP

59
Q
  • oxidative metabolism is also called? discuss
A

Requires O2
More efficient: up to 36 ATP instead of 2 for anaerobic glycolysis
Most modern cells use oxidative metabolism as their main source of energy

60
Q
  • What is the endosymbiotic theory? incl. 5 points
A

describes how a “composite” cell could evolve from 2 or more simpler separate cells living in a symbiotic relationship with each other

  1. Start with two independent bacteria
  2. One bacterium engulfs the other
  3. One bacterium now lives inside the other
  4. Both bacteria benefit from the arrangement
  5. The internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation
61
Q
  • break down anaerobic heterotrophic.
A

Earliest prokaryotes are thought to be anaerobic heterotrophic cells
•Anaerobic = derived energy from food matter without using molecular oxygen (O2)
•Heterotrophic= digest organic material into inorganic molecules that are used for synthesis of organic substances

62
Q
  • give 4 points as evidence for the endosymbiotic theory
A
  1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA similar to that found in bacteria
  2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by 2 membranes –the inner one from engulfed bacteria and the outer one from the cell membrane of the host
  3. Mitochondria are about the same size as bacteria
  4. Mitochondria are genetically related to purple bacteria; chloroplasts are genetically related to photosynthetic bacteria
63
Q
  • what are the 3 principles of the cell theory?
A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural unit of life
Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell

64
Q
  • modern eukaryotic cells developed via the — theory.
A

endosymbiotic theory

65
Q

Transport along microtubules.

A

Microtubules form the tracks for cellular movement e.g. Nerve cells
Synapse where chemicals are released is far from the nucleus and cell body where the chemicals are produced
Synapse does not contain ribosomes for protein synthesis
i.e. Proteins and membrane compartments required in synapse
Produced in cell body and transported along microtubules to synapse –
Fast axonal transport

66
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
Living cells come only from other living cells.

E) Cell Biology - Term 1 (2 decks)

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