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PLE OCT 2022 > PREVENTIVE MEDICINE > Flashcards

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Flashcards

mix of sample exam from 2019 and practice test of tn

1
Q

Hemodynamic assessment of the improvement of dengue hemorrhagic should be based on the following parameters EXCEPT:

A. Mental Status
B. Platelet count
C. Capillary refill time
D. Blood Pressure

A

B. Platelet Count

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2
Q

A study targets those using particular brands of vaping fluid. The researchers collected the response of the customers who went to the chosen stores during the day of sample collection. What non-probability test was utilized?

A. Purposive
B. Haphazard
C. Quota
D. Snowballing

A

B. Haphazard
- accidental. convenience sampling, sampling design wherein sample selection is based on whatever comes at hand or whoever is available.

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3
Q

To ensure success of TB treatment program, the following should be done EXCEPT:

A. Give the entire supply of drug required for entire duration of treatment
B. Ask patient to sign a non-disclosure agreement.
C. TB drugs should be stored in secured, clean
and cool place.
D. Observe first expiry, first out (FEFO) policy.

A

A. Give the entire supply of drug required for entire duration of treatment.

  • Drugs should be given intermittently and must be directly observed by health partners if taken.
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4
Q

The Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) is a comprehensive strategy to cure tuberculosis. It employs the following EXCEPT:

A. Microscope
B. Political commitment
C. Drugs for TB
D. Salary of treatment partners

A

D. Salary of treatment partners

Rationale:

  1. Political commitment​ with increased and sustained financing
  2. Case detection through quality-assured bacteriology ( first using ​sputum smear microscopy​ and then culture and drug susceptibility testing)
  3. Standardized treatment, with supervision and patient support
  4. An ​effective drug supply​ and management system
  5. Monitoring and evaluation system, and impact measurement
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5
Q

Ten households were surveyed the number of household members were 5,4,5,7,3,5,8,2,3, and 4. Identify the mean, median, mode, respectively.

A. 4.6, 5, 5
B. 4.6, 4, 5
C. 4.6, 4.5, 5
D. 4.6, 5, 4.5

A

C. 4.6, 4.5, 5
Mean: average, the sum of all values divided by the number of observations
Median: Middle number.
Mode: Most frequently occurring value

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6
Q

Type 1 error refers to which of the following?

A. Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
B. Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
C. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
D. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false

A

C. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Cohort studies: Start with the EXPOSURE then the researchers will look for the outcome.

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7
Q

What type of study when the population is exposed first then the researchers will look for the outcome?

A

Prospective Cohort Study

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8
Q

What type of study design when you start with outcome then researchers will look for the exposure?

A

Case Control Study

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9
Q

Differentiate the two:

Type 1 error (alpha)
Type 2 error (beta)

A

Type 1 Error (alpha) - nireject mo kahit totoo yung nararamdaman sayo - False Positive
Type 2 Error (beta) - hindi mo nireject kahit niloloko ka na - False Negative

Since Error ang usapan, both are False

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10
Q

What type of population pyramid is used to describe elderly and shrinking populations?

A. Constrictive
B. Expansive
C. Stationary
D. Early Expanding

A

Answer = A. Constrictive - elderly and shrinking

Expansive - young and growing
Stationary - not growing

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11
Q

This measures the number of deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a year?

A. Neonatal Mortality Rate
B. Infant Mortality Rate
C. Swaroop’s Index
D. Postnatal Mortality Rate

A

B. Infant Mortality Rate

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12
Q

Which of the following interventions is primary prevention?

A. Papsmear test
B. Antihypertensive drugs
C. Exercise regularly
D. Stroke rehabilitation program

A

C. Exercise regularly

Primary Prevention
These are all measures of prevention that are undertaken during the phase of pre-pathogenesis (phase of susceptibility), before the disease process has had onset.

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13
Q

Which type of antimicrobials require pre-authorization from an Infectious Disease Consultant or Antimicrobial Stewardship Clinician as a type of interventional strategy to control antimicrobial resistance?

A. Regular antibiotic
B. Monitored antimicrobial
C. Narrow spectrum antibiotics
D. Restricted antimicrobial

A

D. Restricted antimicrobial

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14
Q

In the monitoring of the TB DOTS program, the following are monitored except:

A. Annual treatment cost
B. Number of screened family members
C. Total number of TB cases counted
D. Inter-hospital referral rate

A

A. Annual treatment cost

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14
Q

In the monitoring of the TB DOTS program, the following are monitored except:

A. Annual treatment cost
B. Number of screened family members
C. Total number of TB cases counted
D. Inter-hospital referral rate

A

A. Annual treatment cost

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15
Q

In patients with Dengue, a classical rash of “Isles of white in the sea of red” is seen during which phase?

A. Febrile
B. Critical
C. Viremia
D. Recovery

A

D. Recovery
● Happens in the next ​48 to 72 hours​ in which the body fluids go back to normal.
● Patients’ general well-being improves.
● Some patients may have classical rash of “isles of white in the sea of red”.
● The White Blood Cell (WBC) usually starts to rise soon after defervescence but the normalization of platelet counts typically happens later than that of WBC.

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16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Dengue with Warning Signs?

A 
Abdominal Pain or tenderness
Persistent Vomiting
Clinical Signs of fluid accumulation
Mucosal Bleeding
Lethargy, restlessness
Liver enlargement
Labs: Increased hematocrit, and/or decreasing platelet count
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17
Q

Formula of Neonatal Mortality Rate

A 
Answer: 
# of deaths among those under 28 days of age in a calendar year / # of live births in the same year
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18
Q

Swaroop’s index

A
  • sensitive indicator of standard of health care

Formula:

of deaths among 50 years old and older in a calendar year / Total deaths in a year x 100

19
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A
  1. Measures killing power of disease
  2. High CFR means a more fatal disease
  3. A higher CFR is expected from a hospital statistics than in a community
Formula: 
# of deaths from a specified cause / # of cases of the same disease x 100
20
Q

The number one cause of morbidity in the Philippines is Acute Respiratory Infection. DOH recommends the following ​supportive measures EXCEPT​:

A. Treat fever
B. Increase oral fluid intake
C. Continue feeding
D. Take Antibiotics

A

D. Take Antibiotics

Supportive measures include ​increased oral fluids ​to prevent dehydration, ​continued feeding ​to avoid malnutrition and ​anti-pyretics ​to reduce high fever.

Source: Philippine Health Advisories, Department of Health, page 3

21
Q

The Mandatory Infant and Child Health Immunization Act of 2011 (RA 10152) provides basic immunization for children under 5 years old. This includes vaccination against the following diseases, EXCEPT:

A. Hepatitis B
B. Tuberculosis
C. Poliomyelitis
D. Dengue

A

Answer: D. Dengue
SEC. 3. Coverage.—The mandatory basic immunization for all infants and children provided under this Act shall cover the following vaccine-preventable diseases:

(a) Tuberculosis;
(b) Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis;
(c) Poliomyelitis;
(d) Measles;
(e) Mumps;
(f) Rubella or German measles;
(g) Hepatitis-B;
(h) H. Influenza type B (HIB); and
(i) Such other types as may be determined by the Secretary of Health in a department circular.

The mandatory basic immunization shall be given for free at any government hospital or health center to infants and children up to five (5) years of age.

22
Q

One model explaining disease causation is the epidemiologic triad. Select the item NOT included in the triad.

A. Externalagent
B. Host
C. Microorganism
D. Environment

A

C. Microorganism

23
Q

In passive immunity, this immunoglobulin is located in the mucosal and epithelial surfaces such as gastrointestinal tracts and respiratory tract.

A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgE

A

Answer:

A. IgA - ​first line of defense against invasion by inhaled and ingested pathogens at the vulnerable mucosal surfaces​

24
Q

Choose the hand hygiene method that is ​ineffective ​in the presence of dirt, soil or food.

A. Barsoap
B. Betadine soap
C. Liquid soap
D. Alcohol based hand rub

A

D. Alcohol based hand rub

Alcohols are​ not good cleansing agents​, and their​ use is not recommended when hands are dirty or visibly contaminated with proteinaceous materials​.

25
Q

Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of _______.

A. Niacin
B. Thiamine
C. Riboflavin
D. Ascorbic acid

A

B. Thiamine

  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological disorder resulting from ​thiamine deficiency​.
  • classic triad of confusion, ataxia, and oculomotor palsies is uncommon in clinical practice.
  • ​most common in alcoholic persons ​as a result of a combination of poor diet, inadequate intake, impaired absorption of thiamine, and overdependence on alcohol as a source of calories.
26
Q

What selection bias may occur if in-patients are used as controls in a case-control study?

A. Medical Surveillance BIas
B. Centripetal Bias
C. Diagnostic Access Bias
D. Berkson’s Bias

A

D. Berkson’s Bias
- in patients may be less healthy than the general population, if the subjects are hospitalized, due to an exposure related to the outcome of interest, there may be a bias towards accepting the null hypothesis.

27
Q

This method of health education occurs after the session wherein the physician supports the participants:

A. Priming
B. Probing and Prying
C. Pursuing
D. Pinpointing and Pondering

A

Answer:
C. Pursuing

Priming - introduction
Presenting - includes main content
Pinpoint and Pondering - highlights the key points.

28
Q

What are the components of Tanahill’s model of health promotion?

A
  1. Health Promotion
  2. Health Education
  3. Health Protection
29
Q

During what phase of COPAR are potential leaders identified?

A. Pre-entry phase
B. Entry Phase
C. Formation Phase
D. Organization- Building Phase

A

Answer: B. Entry Phase

Pre-entry = selection of target community

Entry Phase = integration and aquisition of relevant information

Formation Phase = core group is created/formed

Organization- Building Phase = most crucial stage, people are mobilized through creation of community health organization

Sustenance and strengthening phase: end of COPAR, people are being developed for self-reliance.

30
Q

Type of census assigns individuals in their usual place of residence rather than considering their actual location during the census

A

Dejure census

31
Q

Palliative Care vs Hospice Care

A

Hospice Care = special kind of care focusing on the quality of life for patients and their caregivers

Palliative Care = focuses on providing relief of symptoms and stress of a serious illness.

32
Q

Parametric and Non-Parametric Test that compares two INDEPENDENT samples?

A

Answer:
Parametric : Two sample (unpaired) t test

Non Parametric: Mann-Whitney U test

33
Q

Compares two sets of observations on a single sample?

A

P: one sample (paired) t test
NP: Wilcoxon matched pairs test

34
Q

compares three or more sets of observations made on a single sample?

A

One way analysis of ANOVA (F test)

Kruskal-Wallis Analysis

35
Q

Tests the null hypothesis that the distribution of a variable is the same in two (or more) independent samples?

example: to assess whether male or female adolescents are more likely to smoke

A

Chi square test

Fisher exact test

36
Q

Slowly growijg tumors are more likely to be diagnosed than aggressive ones. What screening issue is present?

A

Length Bias

37
Q

In this phenomenon, early diagnosis of a disease makes it see like survival is longer.

A

Lead Time Bias

38
Q

This refers to the best available test for determining whether a person has the disease:

A

Gold Standard Test

39
Q

The most basic sampling design used in studies with SMALL population, in this type of sampling, a sampling fram is necessary:

A

Simple Random Sampling

40
Q

A study wants to compare the correlation between maternal weight gain and age of gestation, what is the most appropriate graph to use?

A

Scatterplot

41
Q

This states that 80% of the output in a given situation of system is produced by 20% of the input:

A

Pareto Principle

42
Q

What type of population pyramid is characterized by the typical pyramid shape with a broad base and narrow top?

A

Expansive

43
Q

This type of population pyramid is used to describe populations that are elderly and shrinking

A

Constrictive

44
Q

This type of population pyramid is characteristic of developed nations where birth rates are low, and quality of life is high:

A

Stationary

PLE OCT 2022 (6 decks)

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