PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND ERADICATION OF DISEASE- Test 1

Question 1

Primary Prevention

Answer 1

Primary prevention: aimed at maintaining a healthy population i.e. preventing the occurrence of a disease
– Vaccination to protect individuals and populations – Border security, meat hygiene, inspection, HACCP
programs : keep pathogens out
– Removing specified risk material from food/feed

Question 2

Secondary Prevention

Answer 2

Secondary prevention: attempts to minimize damage after disease has occurred.
– Screening for breast cancer, prostate cancer
– Physical examinations with annual vaccination of
pets and annual blood work in geriatric pets
– In a population: test and slaughter and stamping out

Question 3

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 3

 Consists of rehabilitation after primary and secondary prevention have failed.
 Applies mostly to the individual
 For the symptomatic, diseased patient or population
 The goal is to reduce complications, slow down the progression, and reduce the severity of the symptoms
 Maintains the best quality of life possible
 Examples:
– Management of the diabetic cat
– Corrective shoes for equine navicular disease
– Claw amputation for septic pedal arthritis in cattle – Eye enucleation for cancer eye
– In a population: a mastitis control program

Question 4

Control

Answer 4

 Steps taken to reduce a disease problem to a tolerable level and maintain it at that level
 Similar to secondary prevention

Question 5

Eradication

Answer 5

The final step in disease control efforts; it consists of complete elimination of the disease‐producing agent from a defined geographic region.

Question 6

Total eradication

Answer 6

– Disease agent has been completely removed from the area of concern e.g. smallpox, rinderpest

Question 7

Practical eradication

Answer 7

Elimination of organism from the reservoirs of importance to humans or their domestic animals, as opposed to total eradication e.g. eradication of canine rabies in the USA (still present in raccoons, skunks, bats, foxes)

Question 8

Reservoir neutralization

Answer 8

Removing infected individuals
– Test and slaughter (e.g. TB and Brucellosis)
– Mass therapy – treating without first testing (e.g. treatment of imported parakeets to prevent psittacosis)
Rendering infected individuals non shedders – vaccination
Manipulating Environment
– Parasite control: Taenia saginata (toilet facilities),
Fasciola hepatica (snails control)
– Mosquito control: West Nile Virus ‐ larviciding or adulticiding

Question 9

Reducing contact potential

Answer 9

Isolation or treatment of cases
– Reduces probability of contact with susceptible
animals and facilitates treatment
– Not ideal when non symptomatic are shedding
Quarantine of possible infected Population control and reduction
– Leash laws in USA to control rabies and reduce fecal contamination (Visceral and Cutaneous larval migrans)
– Rabies control: capture and euthanize stray dogs

Question 10

Increasing Host Resistance

Answer 10

Genetic selection, Good Welfare (nutrition and shelter)
– Ndama and West African short horn are trypanotolerant
Chemoprophylaxis
– Preventive in nature: mostly antimicrobial in
humans Vaccination

Question 11

National Dz Control Components

Answer 11

1. Animal Health Law and Regulations
2. Disease Control Management Agency
3. Veterinary/Inspection Services
4. Laboratory Services
5. Surveillance, Information, Education, Communication and Training

Question 12

1. Animal Health Law and Regulation

There are three levels of regulation:

Answer 12

1. International
• WTO‐SPS‐OIE 2. National
1. Animal Health Act: Prevention, detection, control and eradication of dzes and pests of animals
2. Animal quarantine laws 3. State
• States have their own regulations

Question 13

International Dz Control Regulations

1. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement(SPS)

Answer 13

1. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement(SPS)
   Agreement signed when nations join the WTO
   WTO member nations have the right to apply measures
   to protect human, animal and plant life and health
   Only apply measures that are based on science not disguised barriers to trade
   Sets standards/recommendations
   – Animal Health: World Animal Health Org (OIE) – Terrestrial Animal Health Code
   – http://www.oie.int/international‐standard‐ setting/terrestrial‐code/

Question 14

National Dz Control Components

2.Disease Control Management Agency

Answer 14

2.Disease Control Management Agency  USDA‐APHIS
– Mission ‐ To protect the health and value of American agriculture and natural resources.
– Develops science based standards in animal health
State animal health authorities are responsible for
– animal disease issues at the State level
– delivery of the Federal programs
– the administration of interstate certificates of veterinary inspection
– and overseeing State‐specific disease control activities and regulations.

Question 15

National Dz Control Components

3. Veterinary/Inspection Services

Answer 15

3. Veterinary/Inspection Services USDA –APHIS Veterinary Services
   – VS protects and improves the health, quality, and marketability of our nation’s animals, animal products, and veterinary biologics by preventing, controlling, and/or eliminating animal diseases, and by monitoring and promoting animal health and productivity
   – 250 veterinarians and 360 animal health technicians working under the direction of area offices (typically located in State capitals).

Question 16

National Dz Control Components

4. Laboratory Services:

Answer 16

4. Laboratory Services:
   USDA‐APHIS National Veterinary Laboratory Services
   – Ames Iowa
   • Diagnostic Laboratory
   • BacT, Virology, Pathobiology
   – Plum Island
   • Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
   – National Animal Health Laboratory Network • Network of State and Federal Laboratories

Question 17

National Dz Control Components

5. Information, Education, Communication and Training

Answer 17

National Dz Control Components
5. Information, Education, Communication and Training
 Surveillance and Monitoring
– Animal Disease traceability
– National Animal Health and Monitoring System (NAHMS) – Many other surveillance initiatives
 The Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (CEAH) in Fort Collins, Colorado,
– sets standards for the national surveillance program and administers the National Animal Health Monitoring System
 The National Centers for Animal Health Emergency Management and Animal Health Programs located at Riverdale, Maryland,
– provide program guidance, budget planning, and animal disease expertise to the extended APHIS VS structure