Prevention and Early Detection Flashcards
Risk factors with clear causal relationship
Age, FHx, tobacco use, infection, radiation, immunosuppression
Other important risk factors
Obesity, diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity and sedentary behavior, exposure to exogenous hormones, diabetes
___ cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Canada
Lung
More than __ of lung cancer cases are related to smoking
85%
Excess body fat increases cancer risk by … (3)
- producing estrogen - high levels are associated with increased risk of several cancers
- producing proteins –> high levels of insulin and other hormones (IGF-1) –> stimulate cancer cell growth
- producing cytokines and others –> chronic inflammation –> increased cancer risk
Excess body fat is linked to cancers of the …. (10)
Esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, endometrium, kidney, (postmenopausal) breast, gallbladder, ovaries, liver, liver, (advanced) prostate, stomach
General diet associations (4)
- High red and processed meat –> colorectal cancer
- Salt and salty foods –> stomach cancer
- Fiber –> protective against colorectal cancer
- 5-10 servings fruit and vegetables –> protective against several cancer
Processed meats are classified as __ which means ___
1, causal relationship with colorectal cancer
Red meats are classified as ___, which means ___
2, probably causes cancer
Fruits and vegetables are protective against _?
Fruits and nonstarchy vegetables probably decrease risk of mouth, esophagus, and stomach cancer
Fruits also probably decrease risk of lung cancer
Aflatoxin grows on __ and increases risk of __
Cereals, oils, seeds, spices, tree nuts; hepatocellular carcinoma
When cooking meat, what are we trying to reduce exposure to?
heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
What cooking methods can we use to reduce carcinogenic exposure? (4)
- Cook at lower temperatures
- Marinate with a strong acid
- Use lean meats and trim fat when barbecuing
- Barbecue slowly and avoid charring
Drinking in any amount increases the risk of which cancers? (6)
Oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, breast, liver, and colon
1-2 drinks a day is a safe amount (T/F)
FALSE - there is no safe amount, but the risk increases more significantly after this amount
Drinking water treated with chlorine increases the risk of ___
bladder and colorectal cancer
Drinking water treated with chlorine risk is related to __; ___ ppb are a cause for concern
the level of trihalomethanes, 50 ppb
The most physically active people have a ___ reduced risk of colon cancer
24%
The evidence for physical activity is stronger for pre- or post- menopausal breast cancer?
Post-menopausal; this is true even for those who only increase after menopause
Average breast cancer risk reduction with physical activity is __
12%
Average endometrial cancer risk reduction with physical activity is __
20%
Mechanisms by which physical activity reduces cancer risk? (4)
- Lowering hormones like insulin and estrogen, growth factors like IGF-1
- Helping prevent obesity or reduce harmful effects
- Reduce inflammation
- Improve immune system function
Additional mechanisms that physical activity reduces colon cancer risk? (2)
- Altering bile acid metabolism –> reduced exposure to carcinogens
- Decreasing gastric transit time –> reduces exposure to carcinogens
How much physical activity to reduce cancer risk?
Adults - 150 min moderate + 75 min vigorous (or equivalent) a week
Children and adolescents - 60 min/ day, mostly moderate or vigorous
OCP increase risk of ___ and decrease risk of __
Breast, cervical, liver, CVD and stroke; endometrial cancer and ovarian cacner
For every 10,000 women who use OCP there would be…
2 additional cases of breast cancer if used before pregnancy
1 additional case of breast cancer if used after pregnancy
Risk of breast cancer returns to normal ___ years after stopping
10 years
Protective effect of OCP against endometrial cancer lasts __ years after stopping
15
Protective effect of OCP against ovarian cancer lasts___ years after stopping
20 years; protection is related to duration of use
OCP increases risk of __ (4)
Coronary heart disease, strokes, blood clots in lungs and legs, invasive breast cancer
OCP decreases risk of __ (2)
Colorectal cancer, hip fractures
Risk of breast cancer is greatest when combined HRT is used … (5)
- For 5 years or more
- by older postmenopausal women
- Women who take HRT closer to menopaise
- Slim women
- Women with dense breast tissue
Endocrine disrupters may interfere with the endocrine system by… (3)
- mimicking the action of certain hormones
- Blocking the action of certain hormones
- Altering the production of hormones or hormone receptors
Which EDC have been classified as possible causes of cancer?
Flame retardants (PBDEs) and phthalates
____% of sexually active men and women will have at least 1 HPV infection
75%
___ have the highest rates of cancer-causing HPV at ___%
Women 20-24; 24%
HPV __ & __ are the most common high risk types; they’re responsible for __% of cervical cancers
16, 18; 70%
High risk HPV infection is also linked to … (5)
Cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis, and oropharynx
HPV __ &__ are the most common low risk types; they’re responsible for ___% of genital warts
6, 11; 90%
HPV vaccine can reduce risk of cervical and anal cancers by __%
90%
The HPV vaccine is recommended for
Everyone 9-25; women 9-45
