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Oncology > Prevention and Early Detection > Flashcards

Prevention and Early Detection Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors with clear causal relationship

A

Age, FHx, tobacco use, infection, radiation, immunosuppression

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2
Q

Other important risk factors

A

Obesity, diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity and sedentary behavior, exposure to exogenous hormones, diabetes

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3
Q

___ cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Canada

A

Lung

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4
Q

More than __ of lung cancer cases are related to smoking

A

85%

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5
Q

Excess body fat increases cancer risk by … (3)

A
  1. producing estrogen - high levels are associated with increased risk of several cancers
  2. producing proteins –> high levels of insulin and other hormones (IGF-1) –> stimulate cancer cell growth
  3. producing cytokines and others –> chronic inflammation –> increased cancer risk
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6
Q

Excess body fat is linked to cancers of the …. (10)

A

Esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, endometrium, kidney, (postmenopausal) breast, gallbladder, ovaries, liver, liver, (advanced) prostate, stomach

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7
Q

General diet associations (4)

A
  1. High red and processed meat –> colorectal cancer
  2. Salt and salty foods –> stomach cancer
  3. Fiber –> protective against colorectal cancer
  4. 5-10 servings fruit and vegetables –> protective against several cancer
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8
Q

Processed meats are classified as __ which means ___

A

1, causal relationship with colorectal cancer

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9
Q

Red meats are classified as ___, which means ___

A

2, probably causes cancer

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10
Q

Fruits and vegetables are protective against _?

A

Fruits and nonstarchy vegetables probably decrease risk of mouth, esophagus, and stomach cancer
Fruits also probably decrease risk of lung cancer

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11
Q

Aflatoxin grows on __ and increases risk of __

A

Cereals, oils, seeds, spices, tree nuts; hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

When cooking meat, what are we trying to reduce exposure to?

A

heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What cooking methods can we use to reduce carcinogenic exposure? (4)

A
  1. Cook at lower temperatures
  2. Marinate with a strong acid
  3. Use lean meats and trim fat when barbecuing
  4. Barbecue slowly and avoid charring
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14
Q

Drinking in any amount increases the risk of which cancers? (6)

A

Oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, breast, liver, and colon

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15
Q

1-2 drinks a day is a safe amount (T/F)

A

FALSE - there is no safe amount, but the risk increases more significantly after this amount

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16
Q

Drinking water treated with chlorine increases the risk of ___

A

bladder and colorectal cancer

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17
Q

Drinking water treated with chlorine risk is related to __; ___ ppb are a cause for concern

A

the level of trihalomethanes, 50 ppb

18
Q

The most physically active people have a ___ reduced risk of colon cancer

A

24%

19
Q

The evidence for physical activity is stronger for pre- or post- menopausal breast cancer?

A

Post-menopausal; this is true even for those who only increase after menopause

20
Q

Average breast cancer risk reduction with physical activity is __

A

12%

21
Q

Average endometrial cancer risk reduction with physical activity is __

A

20%

22
Q

Mechanisms by which physical activity reduces cancer risk? (4)

A
  1. Lowering hormones like insulin and estrogen, growth factors like IGF-1
  2. Helping prevent obesity or reduce harmful effects
  3. Reduce inflammation
  4. Improve immune system function
23
Q

Additional mechanisms that physical activity reduces colon cancer risk? (2)

A
  1. Altering bile acid metabolism –> reduced exposure to carcinogens
  2. Decreasing gastric transit time –> reduces exposure to carcinogens
24
Q

How much physical activity to reduce cancer risk?

A

Adults - 150 min moderate + 75 min vigorous (or equivalent) a week
Children and adolescents - 60 min/ day, mostly moderate or vigorous

25
Q

OCP increase risk of ___ and decrease risk of __

A

Breast, cervical, liver, CVD and stroke; endometrial cancer and ovarian cacner

26
Q

For every 10,000 women who use OCP there would be…

A

2 additional cases of breast cancer if used before pregnancy

1 additional case of breast cancer if used after pregnancy

27
Q

Risk of breast cancer returns to normal ___ years after stopping

A

10 years

28
Q

Protective effect of OCP against endometrial cancer lasts __ years after stopping

A

15

29
Q

Protective effect of OCP against ovarian cancer lasts___ years after stopping

A

20 years; protection is related to duration of use

30
Q

OCP increases risk of __ (4)

A

Coronary heart disease, strokes, blood clots in lungs and legs, invasive breast cancer

31
Q

OCP decreases risk of __ (2)

A

Colorectal cancer, hip fractures

32
Q

Risk of breast cancer is greatest when combined HRT is used … (5)

A
  1. For 5 years or more
  2. by older postmenopausal women
  3. Women who take HRT closer to menopaise
  4. Slim women
  5. Women with dense breast tissue
33
Q

Endocrine disrupters may interfere with the endocrine system by… (3)

A
  1. mimicking the action of certain hormones
  2. Blocking the action of certain hormones
  3. Altering the production of hormones or hormone receptors
34
Q

Which EDC have been classified as possible causes of cancer?

A

Flame retardants (PBDEs) and phthalates

35
Q

____% of sexually active men and women will have at least 1 HPV infection

A

75%

36
Q

___ have the highest rates of cancer-causing HPV at ___%

A

Women 20-24; 24%

37
Q

HPV __ & __ are the most common high risk types; they’re responsible for __% of cervical cancers

A

16, 18; 70%

38
Q

High risk HPV infection is also linked to … (5)

A

Cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis, and oropharynx

39
Q

HPV __ &__ are the most common low risk types; they’re responsible for ___% of genital warts

A

6, 11; 90%

40
Q

HPV vaccine can reduce risk of cervical and anal cancers by __%

A

90%

41
Q

The HPV vaccine is recommended for

A

Everyone 9-25; women 9-45

Oncology (7 decks)

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