prevention

Question 1

example of a high risk strategy

Answer 1

pooled cohort equation

Question 2

High risk strategy advantages

Answer 2

1. Does not require social changes
2. Allows for informed consent
3. Patients receive individualized attention

Question 3

High risk disadvantages

Answer 3

1. Leaves social determinants unaddressed
2. Potentially costly risk stratification required
3. Access to high quality clinical services required
4. Benefits depend on clinician and patient motivation
5. Misses the majority of cases

Question 4

low risk advantages

Answer 4

1. Potential for widespread social benefits

2. No access to high quality clinical services required

Question 5

low risk disadvantages

Answer 5

1. May infringe on civil liberties
2. Requires political consensus
3. No informed consent
4. No benefit to most individuals

Question 6

Prevention Paradox:

Answer 6

A preventive intervention that brings much benefit to a population offers little benefit to each individual

Question 7

secondary prevention

Answer 7

detection of the problem first and then testing/management

Question 8

primary prevention

Answer 8

counseling (such as lifestyle)

• immunizations
• drug therapy

Question 9

Take action to eliminate precipitating causes of disease and injury before they happen. Outcome is no health event.

Answer 9

primary prevention

Question 10

Detect and treat asymptomatic disease, or its predisposition, before it becomes symptomatic or does irreversible harm. Outcome is no symptomatic disease.

Answer 10

secondary prevention

Question 11

Minimize risk of recurrence or clinical deterioration once a disease is diagnosed.

Answer 11

Tertiary prevention

Question 12

Infectious diseases and selected cancers
Active or passive immunity 
Limited dosing
Cost effective
Rare adverse effects 
Dramatic history

Answer 12

immunizations

Question 13

Diverse conditions
Medications and dietary supplements
Continuous dosing
Cost effectiveness varies
Common adverse effects
Controversial history

Answer 13

chemopreventive agents

Question 14

Probability that an individual with the disease will test positive =
a/(a+c).

Answer 14

sensitivity

Question 15

Probability that an individual without the disease will test negative = d/(b+d)

Answer 15

specificity

Question 16

Probability that an individual testing positive actually has the the disease = a/(a+b).

Answer 16

positive predictive value

Question 17

Probability that an individual testing negative actually does not have the disease = d/(c+d).

Answer 17

negative predictive value

Question 18

Test results with high _____ predictive values argue against the diagnosis and are rarely falsely negative.

Answer 18

negative

Question 19

Test results with high _____ predictive values support the diagnosis and are rarely falsely positive.

Answer 19

positive

Question 20

Highly specific tests have few _______ and are useful for confirming diagnoses with serious consequences.

Answer 20

false positives

Question 21

Highly sensitive tests have few _________ and are useful for ruling out serious diseases that are not to be missed.

Answer 21

false negatives

Question 22

what do we assume with all cancers?

Answer 22

they all behave the same

Question 23

cancer screening disparities

Answer 23

breast vs prostate