Prevention Flashcards
Top 5 causes of death and % among all people in US
- heart disease (24.6%)
- cancer (23.3%)
- chronic lower respiratory dzs (5.6%)
- stroke (cerebrovascular dzs) (5.3%)
- accidents (unintentional injuries) (4.8%)
Life expectancy at birth in US (1900 vs 2010)
1900: 47.3 years
2010: 78.7 years
Top 10 causes of death in US
- heart disease
- cancer
- chronic lower respiratory dzs
- cerebrovascular accident/stroke
- accident (unintentional injury)
- Alzheimer’s disease
- diabetes
- influenza/pneumonia
- nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis
- intentional self harm (suicide)
other:
- septicemia
- essential (primary) htn and hypertensive renal dz
- homicide
Causes of death in US: causes in the top 10 that are more common in men
heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory dzs, accidents (unintentional injuries), influenza/pneumonia, nephritis/nephrotic syndrome/nephrosis, intentional self-harm (suicide)
Causes of death in US: causes in the top 10 that are more common in women
Alzheimer’s disease?, diabetes
Causes of death in US: causes in the top 10 that are about equal men and women
stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
Causes of death in US: causes in the top 10 that are more common in black population than white population
heart disease, cancer, stroke (cerebrovascular accident), nephritis/nephrotic syndrome/nephrosis
Causes of death in US: causes in the top 10 that are more common in white population than black population
chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents (unintentional injuries), intentional self-harm (suicide)
Causes of death in US: causes in the top 10 that are about equal in black population and white population
Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, influenza/pneumonia
Sex gap in life expectancy
decreasing since its peak in early 1970s
Most common cancers in women
+
(most common causes of cancer deaths in women)
breast > lung > colon
+
(lung>breast>colon)
Most common cancers in men
+
(most common causes of cancer deaths in men)
prostate > lung> colon
+
(lung > prostate > colon)
Cancer prevention
colonoscopy, don’t smoke, Pap smear…
Young people: cause-specific mortality rates!
HIV/AIDS, accidents, liver disease, suicide, homicide
Old people: cause-specific mortality rates!
chronic lower respiratory diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, renal disease, septicemia
Leading causes of death for both young and old people!
diseases of heart, cancer, diabetes
Risk factors in younger cohort
unprotected sex, violence, more impulsive behaviors
Risk factors in older cohort
long term neurological damage, chronic heart disease, renal disease
Which ethnic/racial group in US has highest life expectancy at birth?
Hispanics
but examine data on hispanics w caution due to discrepancy in identification (self and by research) and diversity
True or false : the vast majority of leading causes of death in all ages, races, and sexes are preventable
True!
Healthcare expenditures in billions of dollars (2007)
Overall: $2200 tobacco related* diabetes** hypertension heart dz and stroke (2009)*** obesity (2008)*** cancer*
Healthcare expenditures in US (chronic dz, final year of life)
major driver of health costs: expensive, hi-tech interventions for end-stage chronic conditions
nearly 25% of Medicare expenditures spent on interventions during the final year of life
% of health care expenditures on prevention
2-3%
Cost savings (cost effectiveness) of prevention interventions
about $2.9 billion in community based dz prevention programs would save 16.5 billion annually
but
some sources say public health expenditures are actually more (2x as much) when including sectors outside of formal pub health system (eg nutrition assitance)