Preventing, Treating and Curing Disease

Question 1

Name the four types of pathogen

Answer 1

Bacteria, virus, protist, fungi

Question 2

What are bacteria?

Answer 2

Unicellular prokaryotic organisms which produce toxins which make us feel ill

Question 3

What are viruses?

Answer 3

Non-living particles which invade cells, use them to create more virus particles and cause cells to burst which makes us feel ill

Question 4

What are protists?

Answer 4

Eukaryotic unicellular organisms which may be parasitic and are usually carried by vectors

Question 5

What are fungi?

Answer 5

Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms which spread through spores

Question 6

Give two examples of bacterial diseases

Answer 6

Cholera, salmonella, chlamydia, gonorrhea

Question 7

Give two examples of viral diseases

Answer 7

HIV, measles, TMV, chicken pox, flu, cold

Question 8

Give one example of a protist disease

Answer 8

Malaria

Question 9

Give one example of a fungal disease

Answer 9

Athlete’s foot

Question 10

Give five ways diseases can be transmitted

Answer 10

Food, water, direct contact, airborne droplets, vectors

Question 11

Name a disease transmitted through water

Answer 11

Cholera

Question 12

Name a disease transmitted through food

Answer 12

Salmonella

Question 13

Name a disease transmitted through direct contact

Answer 13

HIV

Question 14

Name a disease transmitted through airborne droplets

Answer 14

Flu, cold, measles, chicken pox

Question 15

Name a disease transmitted by vectors

Answer 15

Malaria (by mosquito)

Question 16

Give three ways we can prevent the spread of diseases

Answer 16

Sneezing and coughing into a tissue, washing hands with soap regularly, cooking food thoroughly, not drinking contaminated water, not having unprotected sex/sharing needles

Question 17

State three actions of white blood cells

Answer 17

Phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting pathogens), producing antibodies and antitoxins

Question 18

Describe the general physical immune defences of the body

Answer 18

Skin acts as barrier, mucus captures pathogens in the airways and cilia wafts mucus away from lungs to throat to be swallowed and digested, formation of scabs over wounds

Question 19

Describe the general chemical immune defences of the body

Answer 19

Lysozymes in tears, hydrochloric acid in stomach

Question 20

What is a vaccine?

Answer 20

Dead or inactive pathogen injected into a person to stimulate an immune response without causing the disease

Question 21

What do antibodies do?

Answer 21

Bind to antigens on surface of pathogen so they can be destroyed by white blood cells

Question 22

What are antigens?

Answer 22

Proteins on the surface of cells which allows them to be identified

Question 23

How do white blood cells recognise pathogens?

Answer 23

Recognise foreign antigens on surface of pathogens

Question 24

How does the body respond to the first exposure to a vaccine or disease?

Answer 24

Antibodies are produced slowly and decrease to a low level once the pathogen has been destroyed

Question 25

How does the body respond to the second exposure to a disease or booster vaccine?

Answer 25

Antibodies are produced quicker and in greater numbers than for first exposure and remain at a higher level for longer

Question 26

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 26

A substance which kills or prevents the growth of bacteria

Question 27

Which pathogen cannot be treated using antibiotics?

Answer 27

Viruses

Question 28

Describe how painkillers work

Answer 28

They block nerve signals to the brain from the part of the body which is in pain

Question 29

Give an example of a painkiller

Answer 29

Paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen, morphine

Question 30

Give an example of an antibiotic

Answer 30

Penicillin, amoxycillin

Question 31

Why must you always finish the course of antibiotics?

Answer 31

To prevent the growth of resistant bacteria

Question 32

State the four stages of drug testing

Answer 32

Human cells, animals, healthy volunteers, patients

Question 33

Define what a placebo is

Answer 33

A fake drug which looks the same as the medicine but has no active ingredient

Question 34

Why do we use placebos?

Answer 34

To make sure that the drug is effective rather than people getting better because they believe they are being treated

Question 35

What is a double-blind trial?

Answer 35

Neither the doctor nor the patient know whether they are taking the real drug or placebo

Question 36

What is a blind trial?

Answer 36

The doctor knows whether the patient is taking the placebo or real drug but the patient does not know

Question 37

Define efficacy

Answer 37

How effective the drug is at treating the disease

Question 38

Define toxicity

Answer 38

Whether the drug kills you or not

Question 39

Define dosage

Answer 39

How much of the drug should be taken

Question 40

What are side effects?

Answer 40

Negative effects of taking a drug which are unwanted

Question 41

Why are drugs tested on health volunteers before patients?

Answer 41

To test for side effects

Question 42

Why are drugs tested on human cells?

Answer 42

To test for toxicity

Question 43

Why are drugs tested on patients?

Answer 43

To test for efficacy

Question 44

How can a person be made immune to a specific disease?

Answer 44

vaccination

Question 45

What is MRSA?

Answer 45

a strain of bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics.