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Preoperative Concepts > Preventing Perioperative Disease Transmission > Flashcards

Preventing Perioperative Disease Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit from and depend on one another

Ex. Escherichia coli, E coli

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2
Q

Synergism

A

Subcategory of mutualism

Two organisms work together to achieve a result neither could obtain alone

Ex. Fusobacteria and spirochetes work together to cause a disease known as trench mouth

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits but second organism neither benefits nor is harmed

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4
Q

Neutralism

A

Sub category of commensalism

Two organisms occupy the same area with no effect on each other

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5
Q

Antagonism

A

Subcategory of commensalism

One microorganism inhibits or interferes with the growth of another

Ex. A microbe produces waste products that are toxic to the microbes nearby

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6
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits and the host is harmed

Ex. Endoparasites, such as intestinal worms, cause an infection and deplete the body of nutrition

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7
Q

Infections

A

Multiplication of microbes in the host

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8
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Hospital acquired infections

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9
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Most commonly transmitted bacteria in the operating room

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10
Q

Coccoid

A

Round shaped bacteria

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11
Q

Diplococci

A

Coccoid bacteria

Paired bacteria

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12
Q

Streptococci

A

Coccoid

Chain of bacteria

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13
Q

Staphylococci

A

Coccoid

Cluster of bacteria

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14
Q

Coccobacilli

A

Coccoid

A bacterial cell intermediate in morphology between a coccus and a bacillus

While still rod shaped, coccobacilli are so short and wide that they resemble cocci

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15
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod shaped bacteria

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16
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Bacilli bacteria

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17
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

Bacilli bacteria

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18
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Bacilli bacteria

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19
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Bacilli bacteria

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20
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Bacilli bacteria

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21
Q

Spirilla bacteria

A

Spiral shaped bacteria

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22
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

Spirilla bacteria

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23
Q

Flagella

A

Long, thin structure attached to the outside of the cell; uses whipping motion to provide motility to the cell

Movement or propel something

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24
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hair-like extensions located on the surface of the cell; their coordinated rhythmic movement allows the cell to move

Push things away

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25
Q

Aerobe bacteria

A

Need oxygen to survive

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26
Q

Obligate

A

Both aerobe and anaerobe

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27
Q

Microaerophile

A

Aerobe bacteria

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28
Q

Anaerobe bacteria

A

Do NOT need oxygen to survive

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29
Q

Facultative bacteria

A

Anaerobe bacteria

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30
Q

Aerotolerant bacteria

A

Anaerobe bacteria

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31
Q

Capnophile

A

Anaerobe bacteria

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32
Q

Simple stain

A

Used to determine basic shape and structure of cell

Single dye such as methylene blue is used and the cell is ringside in water

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33
Q

Gram stain

A

Determine type

Crystal violet and red safranin

Positive bacteria retain violet color

Negative bacteria retain red color

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34
Q

Pathogenicity

A

A microorganisms ability to cause disease

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35
Q

Bacteria spores

A

Difficult to kill

Lives in adverse conditions

Live for a long time

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36
Q

Viruses

A

Can mutate and adapt to environment

Antibiotic resistant

Intracellular parasites

Utilize host cell DNA to replicate

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37
Q

Virus transmission

A

Respiratory air droplets

Body fluid exchange

Ingestion

Arthropod bites

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38
Q

Prions

A

Built of proteins with no DNA/RNA

transmitted by infected instruments

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

Attacks the brain

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39
Q

Asepsis

A

Absence of pathogenic microorganisms or disease

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40
Q

Aseptic principles

A

Principles applied through use of aseptic (clean) technique to prevent pathogenic microbial contamination of the surgical environment

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41
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Substance that destroys/kills bacteria

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42
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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43
Q

Bioburden

A

The number of microbes or amount of organic debris on an object at any given time

Gross or maybe cross contamination on surgical instruments or supplies

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44
Q

Contamination

A

The presence of pathogenic materials

Violation of the state of sterility

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45
Q

Cross-contamination

A

The contamination of a person, object, or environment by contact with contaminants from another source

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46
Q

Decontamination

A

To reduce the microbial population on a surface or item to a sub-pathogenic level

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47
Q

Disinfectant

A

Chemical agent that kills most microbes, but usually not spores

Usually used on inanimate objects due to potential for toxicity in living tissues

48
Q

Event-related sterility

A

Sterility determined by how a package is handled and stored rather than time elapsed

A package is considered sterile until opened or the integrity of packaging material is violated

49
Q

Fomite

A

Inanimate object that harbors (carries) microorganisms, including dust and environmental surfaces

50
Q

Fungicide

A

Agent that destroys fungal organisms

51
Q

HAI

A

Health care-associated infections

Previously called nosocomial

52
Q

Indigenous microflora

A

Microbial populations that normally reside in body tissues (skin) or body systems (gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts)

53
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of the human Jody or tissue by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply, causing disease

54
Q

Package integrity

A

The intact barrier wrapping or containment of a sterile package

Absence of punctures, tears, broken seals, or fluid strike-through

55
Q

Pathogen

A

Any microbe capable of causing disease or infection

56
Q

Sepsis

A

Infection, usually serious and systemic

Accompanied by fever, results from the presence of pathogenic microorganisms

57
Q

Spore

A

A resistance form of bacteria that can form a protective shell and remain dormant to survive in adverse conditions then reproduce when conditions become favorable again

58
Q

Sporicide

A

Substance that kills/destroys bacteria in the spore stage

59
Q

Sterile

A

Having been rendered free of all living microorganisms, including spores

60
Q

Sterile field

A

Specific area, usually the area immediately on and around the patient, that is considered free of microorganisms by covering with sterile drapes

61
Q

Sterile technique

A

Techniques of creating and maintaining a protected sterile field and remaining vigilant to prevent contamination

62
Q

Strike-through contamination

A

Containment of a sterile field or package that occurs from the passage of fluid through a microbial barrier

63
Q

Surgically clean

A

Mechanically cleaned and chemically disinfected but not sterile

In surgical scrub procedure, the removal of transient microbes and reduction of indigenous skin microflora to an irreducible level

64
Q

Terminal disinfection

A

To render items safe to handle by high-level disinfection

65
Q

Terminal sterilization

A

To render items safe to handle by proper sterilization methods

However, unwrapped so not appropriate for use within the sterile field

66
Q

Transient microflora

A

Microbes that have been deposited onto the skin surface and are easily removed with routine hand washing

67
Q

Vector

A

Living carrier that transmits disease

May show no signs of disease itself

68
Q

Virucide

A

Agent that destroys viruses

69
Q

Streptococcal infections gram stain

A

Gram stain positive

70
Q

Streptococcal infection produce

A

Toxins that contributes to its pathogenesis

71
Q

Streptococcal infection examples

A

Puerperal fever

Strep throat

Streptococcal pneumonia

Scarlet fever

Necrotizing fasciitis

72
Q

Cholera is an infectious gastroenteritis caused by

A

The gram negative bacterium vibrio cholerae

73
Q

Cholera transmission occurs

A

Through ingesting contaminated water or food

74
Q

Cholera takes action on

A

Mucosal epithelium lining of the small intestine responsible for the characteristic massive diarrhea

75
Q

Cholera is one of

A

The most rapidly fatal illnesses known

76
Q

Cholera progresses from

A

First liquid stool to shock in 4 to 12 hours, with death quickly following without rehydration treatment

77
Q

Gas gangrene is most often caused by

A

The end spore producing gram positive, clostridium perfringens

78
Q

Clostridium bacteria produces

A

Many different toxins which can damage to tissues, blood cells, and blood vessels

79
Q

Under low-oxygen (anaerobic) conditions, clostridium produces

A

Toxins that cause tissue death and related symptoms

80
Q

Gas gangrene can also be caused by

A

Group A streptococcus (gram negative)

There are other bacteria that can cause similar infections

81
Q

Gas gangrene most often occurs at the site of

A

Trauma or a recent surgical wound

The onset of gas gangrene is sudden and dramatic

82
Q

Methods of transmission

A

Surgical team and other health care providers

Other patients

Environment

Fomites

83
Q

Methods of transmission

Patient

A

Endogenous flora

Resident flora of skin

84
Q

Personnel awareness

A

Proper hand washing

Skin and hair are reservoirs of bacteria

Gloves and gowns

Preoperative skin prep of patient

85
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Cocci

Gram positive

86
Q

Streptococcus

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Cocci

Gram-positive

87
Q

Enterococcus

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Cocci

Gram positive

88
Q

Peptostreptococcus

A

Anaerobe

Cocci

Gram positive

89
Q

Corynebacterium

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Rods

Gram positive

90
Q

Listeria

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Rods

Gram positive

91
Q

Lactobacillus

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Rods

Gram positive

92
Q

Nocardia

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Rods

Gram positive

93
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Aerobe or facultative aerobe

Rods

Gram positive

94
Q

Bacillus

A

Facultative Aerobe or aerobe

Rods

Gram positive

95
Q

Actinomyces

A

Anacrobe

Rods

Gram positive

96
Q

Clostridium

A

Anacrobe

Rods

Gram positive

97
Q

Neisseria

A

Aerobe

Cocci

Gram negative

98
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Aerobe

Rods

Gram negative

99
Q

Salmonella

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

100
Q

Shigella

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

101
Q

Klebsiella

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

102
Q

Proteus

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

103
Q

Escherichia

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

104
Q

Yersinia

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

105
Q

Bordetella

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

106
Q

Haemophilus

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

107
Q

Brucella

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

108
Q

Pasteurella

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

109
Q

Vibrio

A

Facultative Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

110
Q

Bacteroides

A

Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

111
Q

Fusobacterium

A

Anaerobe

Rods

Gram negative

112
Q

Prevotella

A

Anaerobic

Rods

Gram negative

113
Q

Campylobacter

A

Microacrophile

Rods

Gram negative

114
Q

Leptospira

A

Aerobe

Spirochaetes

Gram negative

115
Q

Borrelia

A

Anaerobe

Spirochaetes

Gram negative

116
Q

Treponema

A

Anaerobe

Spirochaetes

Gram negative

Preoperative Concepts (1 decks)

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