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MRAD 202 > Preventing Disease Transmission H/O > Flashcards

Preventing Disease Transmission H/O Flashcards

1
Q

Who provides recommendations to the hospital’s infection control department when new policies are developed?

A

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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2
Q

How often are reports published by the CDC?

A

Weekly

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3
Q

Outline what emerging diseases include (3)

A
  1. New diseases appearing in the population
  2. Existing diseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
  3. Resurgent old diseases caused by an old/mutated pathogen
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4
Q

List the 8 factors that precipice to disease emergence

A
  1. Increased human exposure to vectors in nature
  2. Pop. growth and migration to crowded cities
  3. Rapid international travel and transport of goods
  4. Pathogen mutation caused by over utilization of antimicrobial agents
  5. Breakdown in public health
  6. Climate change
  7. Bioterrorism
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5
Q

Identify the 2 causes for the cholera outbreak in South America and Africa

A
  1. Deterioration of public health programs

2. Inadequate sanitation and insufficient chlorine levels in water

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6
Q

Where did immigrants that reintroduced diphtheria into the USA come from?

A

Russia

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7
Q

Name the disease emergence which was responsible for the 1993 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

A

Hantavirus infection carried by deer mice (particles from mice feces)

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8
Q

List the signs and symptoms of Dengue fever

A

High fever, headache, muscle and joint ache, malaise, rash

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9
Q

What is the vector for Lyme disease?

A

Deer ticks

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10
Q

What factor for disease emergence is responsible for the spread of “once localized” infections such as HIV

A

International travel

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11
Q

In 2001, terrorists caused an outbreak of which disease in the USA

A

Anthrax

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12
Q

What was the source of the SARS outbreak to North America in 2003?

A

Travellers from Asia

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13
Q

List the reason the influenza virus is so successful

A

It mutates easily

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14
Q

Which fly in 2009 was a vaccine developed for?

A

H1N1

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15
Q

Unpasteurized apple juice and contaminated spinach is linked to causing which E. Coli?

A

E. Coli 0157:H7

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16
Q

In June 2011, a deadly strain of E. coli caused deaths in Germany. Which countries were linked to this strain as well?

A

Egypt, UK

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17
Q

The E. Coli 104:H4 has a trait that produces a toxin that causes kidney failure. What is the name of that toxin?

A

Shiga toxin

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18
Q

Where did the 2014 multi-country outbreak of Ebola occur?

A

-originated in west Africa

  • Sierra Leone
  • Libia
  • Guinea
  • USA
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19
Q

List the 3 ways Ebola can spread

A

Contact with…

  1. Blood and body fluids
  2. Objects contaminated with the virus
  3. Infected fruit bats or primates
20
Q

How many days after exposure does the Ebola flu-like signs and symptoms appear in an infected person?

A

2-21 days

21
Q

Is the a vaccine for Ebola?

A

Nope

22
Q

List 2 methods that help prevent contracting the Ebola virus

A
  1. Proper use of PPE

2. Disinfection protocols

23
Q

What is another terms for nosocomial infections?

A

“Hospital acquired infections”

“Health care associated infections”

24
Q

List the typical HAI’s source of infection (3)

A
  1. Contaminated hands of healthcare workers
  2. Contaminated instruments
  3. Procedures/equipment that can allow microbes easy entrance to the body (ex. Urinary catheters, ventilators, central lines, surgical sites)
25
Q

Whatcha HAI can cause respiratory infections?

A

MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphyloccus Aureus)

26
Q

What are the causes supporting the speed of multi-drug resistant infections? (2)

A
  1. Overuse of microbial infections

2. Poor infection control practices

27
Q

What is the cause of CA-MRSA? (4)

A
  1. Antibiotic use
  2. Sharing of contaminated personal items
  3. Living in crowded settings
  4. Poor hygiene
28
Q

Why is C-Difficile so difficult to control?

A

It is a spore forming bacterium that is not eliminated by routine asepsis methods

29
Q

What percentage of pts are treated for C-Difficile relapse?

A

20%

30
Q

AIDS is what stage of the HIV virus?

A

Stage 3

31
Q

After how many days can an HIV infected individual transmit the virus to others?

A

A few days

32
Q

How is HIV transmitted? (5)

A
  1. Sexual contact
  2. Contaminated blood or needles
  3. Fluids containing blood
  4. Placental communication from mother to fetus
  5. Mothers milk
33
Q

What factors are contributing to a continued decline in AIDS diagnosis and death? (4)

A
  1. prevention efforts
  2. Better access to health care
  3. Simpler drug regimens
  4. Development of effective antiretroviral drugs and therapy treatments
34
Q

There are how many types of Hepatitis?

A

5 common ones

35
Q

How is Hep B spread? (3)

A

Contact with

  1. Blood or blood products
  2. Body fluids
  3. Maternal-fetal contact
36
Q

What percentage of healthcare workers are subject to sporadic percutaneous exposure to Hepatitis following a needle stick?

A

1-2%

37
Q

How can hep B be transmitted? (2)

A
  1. Needlestick = most common

2. Nonintact skin contact with contaminated surfaces

38
Q

Which types of Hepatitis have the potential to develop into chronic infections and cirrhosis?

A

Hep B &a C

39
Q

Which types of Hepatitis is there a vaccine for?

A

Hep A & B

40
Q

What is the immediate management of an accidental needle stick by a contaminated object?

A
  1. Allow the wound to bleed while rinsing under cold water
  2. Wash with soap
  3. Incident report
  4. Follow up testing, PEP therapy
41
Q

What allows a TB droplet nuclei to live on surfaces for years?

A

Protective waxy coating

42
Q

What causes reactivation of TB and what factors contribute to this reactivation?

A

Weakening to a pts immune system can allow TB to deactivate

Weakening can be caused by illness, old age, immunosuppressant therapy etc

43
Q

A negative baseline TST test indicates what?

A

That the person had never been infected by TB

44
Q

How should a diagnosed pt with active TB be managed?

A
  1. Placed in isolation
  2. Negative pressure room
  3. More than 6 air changes per hour
    4 health care and visitors must follow airborne infection protocol
45
Q

According to OHSA, out of 1000 workershow many could be exposed to TB on the job?

A

386/1000 (lifetime)

46
Q

List the diseases the USA Public Health Service still has the legal authority to detain and quarantine? (8)

A
  1. Cholera
  2. Diphtheria
  3. Infectious TB
  4. Plague
  5. Smallpox
  6. Yellow Fever
  7. SARS
  8. Hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola

MRAD 202 (2 decks)

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