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BIOL0027 > Preventative Approaches to Ageing I > Flashcards

Preventative Approaches to Ageing I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of more older people on health and social care?

A

Increased prevalence of age-related conditions

Increased demand for health and social care - increased cost

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2
Q

What is healthy ageing?

A

Maintaining functional ability for wellbeing in old age

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3
Q

What is functional ability?

A

Having capabilities that enable people to be and do what they have reason to value
Capabilities vary between individuals and cultures

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4
Q

What do functional abilities typically include?

A 
Meeting basic needs
Learning and making decisions
Mobility
Relationships
Contributing to society
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5
Q

What are the stages of the life-course approach taken to decrease frailty and dementia risk?

A

Whole life - address inequalities
Mid-late life - prevent disease, early identification
Late/very late life - maintain health and function

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6
Q

How can inequality be addressed?

A

Population-level interventions - across lifespan - e.g. opportunities, education, accessible healthcare

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7
Q

Which inequalities are specific to later life?

A

Ageism

Fewer psychological therapy referrals for depression

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8
Q

Name 6 key risk factors in mid-life

A 
Physical activity
Diet
Weight
Smoking
Alcohol
Leisure, cognitive, social activities
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9
Q

How does mid-late life physical activity affect late-life health?

A

Decreases mortality, dementia, disability, CVD, T2D

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10
Q

How does mid-late life diet affect late-life health?

A

Decreases CVD

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11
Q

How does mid-late life weight affect late-life health?

A

Obesity linked to CVD, T2D, arthritis, depression

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12
Q

How does mid-late life smoking affect late-life health?

A

Decreases motility

Increases dementia, mortality, CVD, T2D, some cancers

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13
Q

How do mid-late life leisure, cognitive, social activities affect late-life health?

A

May reduce cognitive decline

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14
Q

Name 5 key interventions in mid-late life

A 
Mental health support groups
Tobacco and alcohol taxation
Screening
Exercise groups
Social prescribing
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15
Q

Why is a person-centred approach to ageing needed?

A

Ageing is diverse experience

Variation in abilities and experiences of old people

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16
Q

What is Fried’s measure of frailty?

A

Physiological measure - does not consider mental health and support mechanisms
Frail if >=3 traits

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17
Q

Can frailty be reversible?

A

Yes

18
Q

What are the frailty trait’s in Fried’s measure?

A

Slow gait
Weakness
Weight loss
Low activity levels

19
Q

What is the main method to prevent frailty progression in older people?

A

Exercise

20
Q

What is the effect of exercise on physical abilities in prefrail individuals?

A

Improves balance, muscle strength

No effect on self-reported functioning, gait speed

21
Q

What is the best form of exercise to decrease falling risk in older people?

A

Strength and balance exercises

22
Q

Are group or individual exercise sessions most effective for older people?

A

Combined - group and individual

23
Q

Which form of exercise is best for the very frail and why?

A

Individually-tailored approach

To decrease falling risk during exercise

24
Q

Name 2 interventions that decrease falling risk in older people

A

Tai chi

Home safety assessment and modification

25
Q

What are the reasons that malnutrition is common in the elderly?

A

Lifelong eating habits/views
Physical frailty and lack of time - unable to cook
Lack of motivation/confidence - could be due to bereavement

26
Q

Which dietary interventions are useful in older people?

A

Dietary education - change behaviours
Multi-nutrient supplements - increase handgrip strength, decrease chair rise time
Mediterranean diet - decreases frailty risk

27
Q

Which mental health conditions are common amongst the elderly?

A

Anxiety

Depression

28
Q

What is the link between frailty and depression?

A

Frail more likely to be depressed

Depression increases frailty risk

29
Q

How do medical professional responses to depression and anxiety differ in older patients?

A

Fewer psychological service referrals

Increased antidepressant and sleeping tablet prescriptions

30
Q

Why do medical professional responses to depression and anxiety differ in older patients?

A

Older people and medical professionals prioritise physical over mental health
Older people prefer self-management - do not recognise mental illness or seek help
Stereotyping of older people - assuming they do not want mental health support

31
Q

What is the most effective therapy for depression in frail older people?

A

Problem-solving therapy

32
Q

How does loneliness effect health outcomes in older people?

A

Increases risk of mortality, depression, CVD

33
Q

What is an intervention for loneliness in older patients?

A

Shared interest groups

Marketing important - many do not like idea of groups for ‘lonely old people’

34
Q

Which intervention reduced cognitive decline in older people and what is a limitation of this?

A

Intensive long-term diet, exercise, vascular risk monitoring, cognitive training programme
Intensive interventions hard to maintain - not practical for widespread use

35
Q

How does smoking in old age affect frailty risk and how can this be altered?

A

Increases frailty risk - mainly via COPD

Stopping smoking in old age can decrease frailty risk

36
Q

How is alcohol consumption in old age linked to frailty risk and what is a possible limitation of this?

A

Increases frailty risk
No evidence that decreasing alcohol decreases frailty risk
Probably reverse causality - reducing alcohol as become unwell

37
Q

What are the challenges in later life health promotion?

A

Health promotion in late life and prefrailty recent idea - lack of policy and evidence
Different goals - different old people already have different long-term conditions
Engaging elderly in health promotion
Addressing multiple interacting risk factors - most services targeted to single conditions

38
Q

Why is it difficult to engage the elderly in health promotion and how could these issues be overcome?

A

Not motivated by increasing lifespan as feel not possible - phrase interventions as improving independence and wellbeing
Unaware of benefits of making changes
Difficult to reach - could access via GP

39
Q

What did a quantitative study of health promotion for prefrail older people find their goals and motivating factors are?

A

Maintenance more important than change
Fear of dependency, memory problems, care homes
‘Teachable moments’ - triggers for change - e.g. health scare

40
Q

What did a quantitative study of health promotion for prefrail older people suggest would be a good approach?

A

Multidomain interventions - e.g. HomeHealth

Sessions with social worker - address mood, socialising, mobility, nutrition

41
Q

What are the aims of long-term condition management?

A

Secondary prevention - e.g. falls, stroke
Rehabilitation
Self-management
Avoid polypharmacy - linked to increased frailty risk

42
Q

Which mid-late life risk factors are key modifiable factors to reduce the risk of late-life negative outcomes?

A

Physical activity

Smoking

BIOL0027 (20 decks)

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