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Preventive Medicine > PREV MED PEARLS > Flashcards

PREV MED PEARLS Flashcards

1
Q

Aprropriate measure of central tendency in qualitative data such as gender, religion or nationality

A

MODE

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2
Q

Average; sum of observations divided by the number of observations

A

MEAN

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3
Q

Middle observation in a series of ordered observations eg. 50th percentile

A

MEDIAN

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4
Q

Observation that occurs with the greatest frequency

A

MODE

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5
Q

Branch of medicine that deals with study of causes, distribution and control of disease in populations

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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6
Q

Distribution and determination of frequency of disease in humans

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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7
Q

Samplin unit in epidemiologic studies in the identification of causal factors

A

GROUP of INDIVIDUALS

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8
Q

Ultimate goal of an epidemiologic investigation

A

INSTITUTE CURATIVE, PREVENTIVE and CONTROL MEASURES to AVOID MORE CASES

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9
Q

Studies both the DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASES in human populations and the DETERMINANTS OF THE OBSERVED DISTRIBUTION; began as study of infectious diseases; expanded to include the study of Chronic Disease, Organization of Health Care, Delivery of Health Care and Occupational and Environmental Health

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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10
Q

Study of distribution of diseases in animals

A

EPIZOOTIOLOGY

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11
Q

SLOW and PROGRESSIVE CHANGE in the antigenic composition of microorganisms; alters the immunological responses of individuals and a populations susceptibility to that microorganism

A

ANTIGENIC DRIFT

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12
Q

SUDDEN CHANGE in the molecular structure of a microorganism and produces new strain; results in little or no acquired immunity to these new strains and is the explanation for new epidemics or pandemics

A

ANTIGENIC SHIFT

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13
Q

Result in influenza cases with high case fatality rates seen previously with this strain

A

VACCINE FAILURE

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14
Q

Decrease the probability that a susceptible person would come into contact with an infected person; would not affect the clinical presentation of those infected

A

HERD IMMUNITY

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15
Q

No cases on record,disease absent from beginning, disease has been eradicated

A

ABSENCE OF DISEASE

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16
Q

Occurrence of few and unrelated cases

A

SPORADIC

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17
Q

Constant occurrence

A

ENDEMIC

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18
Q

Occurrence of a number of cases of disease in excess of normal occurrence of expectancy

A

EPIDEMIC

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19
Q

Epidemic involving many countries

A

PANDEMIC

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20
Q

Association between Low Birth Weight and Maternal Smoking during pregnancy studies by obtaining smoking histories from women at the time of the prenatal visit and subsequently correlated birth weight with smoking histories

A

PROSPECTIVE COHORT

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21
Q

Large number of persons have acquired mild symptoms of a disease despite being vaccinated for the appropriate strain being cultured and finding out it’s the same as that incorporated into the trivalent vaccine administered throughout the world, also noting that the strain had high case fatality rate in previous epidemics in China, where most new strains are isolated and identified for vaccine preparations

A

ANTIGENIC DRIFT

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22
Q

Recommended study for finding out the cause of a rare form of a disease, with access to the largest database of cases about the disease but there is scarcity of time and resources

A

CASE CONTROL

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23
Q

In finding out the cause of lung cancer, patients who had the disease are matched with controls by age, sex, place of residence, and social class then the frequency of cigarette smoking are compared in the 2 groups

A

CASE CONTROL

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24
Q

A research team wishes to investigate a possible association between smokeless tobacco and oral lesions among professional baseball players, they ask each player about current and past use of smokeless tobacco, cigarettes and alcohol then a dentist notes the type and extent of lesions in the mouth

A

CROSS SECTIONAL

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25
Q

Subjects are categorized on the basis of exposure or lack of exposure to a risk factor, then are followed to determine if a particular outcome develops

A

PROSPECTIVE COHORT

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26
Q

Groups of subjects who are followed forward in time to see which ones develop the outcome

A

COHORT

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27
Q

Prospective studies in which an intervention is applied

A

CLINICAL TRIALS

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28
Q

study of the relationship between low birth weights and maternal smoking, infants are selected on the basis of low birth weight and normal birth weight and then the frequency of maternal smoking would be compared in the two groups

A

RETROSPECTIVE CASE CONTROL

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29
Q

Exposure and outcome are measure at the same point in time

A

CROSS SECTIONAL

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30
Q

Clinical characteristic or outcome from a SINGLE clinical subject or event (n=1); No control; Eg. A 23 yr old man with MDRTB

A

CASE REPORT

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31
Q

Clinical characteristic or outcome from a GROUP of clinical subjects or events (n>1); No controls; Eg. Patients in a local hospital with MDRTB

A

CASE SERIES

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32
Q

PREVALENCE STUDY; determines in each member of the population the PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A DISEASE and other variables AT ONE POINT IN TIME; assesses the association of risk factor and disease; CAUSALITY CANNOT USUALLY BE DETERMINED; No controls; Eg. Who in the community NOW has MDRTB?

A

CROSS SECTIONAL

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33
Q

Identifies a group of people with the disease (CASE) and compares them with a suitable comparison group without the disease (CONTROL); retrospective; assesses many risk factors for disease; can help determine causal relationships; weakest because outcome has already happened; cannot assess incidence and prevalence of disease; VERY USEFUL FOR STUDYING CONDITIONS WITH VERY LOW INCIDENCE OR PREVALENCE; Cases vs Controls; Eg. Comparing cases of MDRTB with cases of nonresistant TB

A

CASE CONTROL

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34
Q

Population group exposed to a risk factor is followed over time compared with a group not exposed to the risk factors; outcome is disease incidence in each group; prospective; can determine incidence and causal relationships if there is statistical association between risk factor and disease; Population at risk vs Population not at risk; Eg. Following a prison inmate population and marking the development of MDRTB

A

COHORT

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35
Q

Notification of health providers concerning increased cases, education of the public concerning self- protective measures, control of the snail host, Oncomelania quadrasi

A

PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES for PREVENTION and CONTROL

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36
Q

Methods used are public education, surveillance systems, environmental control and dissemination of information to health providers; Individual treatment is traditionally left to individual practitioners

A

PUBLIC HEALTH

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37
Q

Number of true positives divided by number of all people with disease; Positive In Disease; used to RULE OUT a disease; high factor is desirable for a Screening test, to rule out

A

SENSITIVITY

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38
Q

Number of true negatives divided by the number of all people without the disease; Negative In Health; used to RULE IN; high factor is desirable for a Confirmatory test, to rule in

A

SPECIFICITY

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39
Q

Total number of cases in a population at a given time

A

PREVALENCE

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40
Q

Number of new cases in a population per unit time; NEW cases

A

INCIDENCE

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41
Q

Number of true positives divided by the number of people who tested positive for the disease; probability of having a condition, given a positive test

A

POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE

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42
Q

Number of true negatives divided by the number of people who tested negative for the disease; the probability of not having a condition, given a negative test

A

NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE

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43
Q

Dependent on the prevalence of a diseasel the higher the prevalence of a disease, the higher the positive aspect of the test

A

PREDICTIVE VALUE

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44
Q

Absence of vascular calcification in an adult suggests that severe valvular aortic stenosis is not present, meaning the valvular calcification is

A

SENSITIVE

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45
Q

one that is positive in most patient with the disease; if absence of a charateristic rules out a disease, then the test in sensitive, hardly anyone with the disease has a negative test

A

SENSITIVE TEST

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46
Q

In country A, there are 35 new cases of breast cancer per 100,000 adult women per year; in country B, the number is 90 per 100,000. What is the explanation?

A

WOMEN IN COUNTRY A ARE YOUNGER

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47
Q

Most important risk factor for the development of breast cancer, like most cancers

A

AGE

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48
Q

May have a protective effect on breast cancer but nowhere near the magnitude of the effect of age

A

NURSING

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49
Q

NOT a major risk factor for breast cancer

A

CIGARETTE SMOKING

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50
Q

Important cause of morbidity in Western world but mortality is decreasing; boys and girls are nearly equally affecter; most common in 2nd or 3rd decades of life; during pregnancy, displacement during pregnancy by the uterus may make diagnosis difficult

A

APPENDICITIS

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51
Q

Bacteria involved in nosocomial infections are transmitted most often via

A

DIRECT HAND CONTACT

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52
Q

Highly decrease transmission of nosocomial pathogens

A

METICULOUS HANDWASHING

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53
Q

Most common site of nosocomial infections

A

GENITOURINARY TRACT

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54
Q

Accounts for 35% of all nosocomial infections; 70-80% are related to catheters and urinary tract manipulations

A

UTI > SSI > RTI > SEPTICEMIA

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55
Q

Associated with acute episodes of asthma

A

EMOTIONAL STRESS, ELEVATED OZONE CONCENTRATIONS, URTI

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56
Q

Dust, animal dander, RTI’s, Ozone pollution, Aspirin, Emotional factors

A

TRIGGERS FOR ACUTE EPISODE OF ASTHMA

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57
Q

Methylxanthine related to Theophylline, a low- potency bronchodilator

A

CAFFEINE

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58
Q

Body fat of >30% of total body mass in Women, >25% in Men; major risk factor for DM2, relatively unimportant risk for CHD except at extremes of weight distribution; both behavioral and genetic factors contribute; arthritis is common; highly associated with Hypertension

A

OBESITY

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59
Q

most commonly caused by pernicious anemia in temperate climates sec to gastric mucosal atrophy sec to autoimmune reaction against parietal cells; increased risk in patients with a personal or family history of autoimmune disease; Diphyllobothrium latum, a fish tape worm; tropical sprue; RARELY with NONTROPICAL SPRUE

A

COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12) DEFICIENCY

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60
Q

60 year old most likely to have a stroke within a year

A

MAN WITH HYPERTENSION

61
Q

Major risk factor for Stroke; Other risk factors include smoking, vascular disease, TIA and DM

A

HYPERTENSION

62
Q

Increased incidence of Cholelithiasis

A

DIABETES, CHRONIC HEMOLYTIC DYSCRASIA, FEMALE GENDER

63
Q

Extremely common in 20% women and 8% men above 40; although mostly contains cholesterol but hypercholesterolemia is not associated with an increased risk; increased risk in Diabetics, as well as morbidity and mortality associated with the disease, calcium bilirubinate formation sec to chronic hemolysis; other risk factors include age, obesity, chronic biliary infection

A

GALLSTONES

64
Q

Cancer with Increasing age- adjusted mortality in the past 25 years

A

LUNG

65
Q

Type of cancer most frequently result to gynecologic cancer deaths

A

OVARIAN (End Stage)

66
Q

Cancer by which risk is reduced by use of oral contraceptives having most impact on gynecological mortality

A

OVARIAN

67
Q

Most important risk factor for developing Cervical Cancer

A

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS TYPE 16 (16, 18, 31, 45, 51-53)

68
Q

Cancer associated with increased risk due to cigarette smoking

A

LIVER

69
Q

Most common risk factor for Liver Cancer worldwide

A

HEPA B VIRUS or HEPA C VIRUS INFECTION

70
Q

Most common site for cancer in females in developing countries

A

BREAST

71
Q

Chronic exposure result to development of neuropathic symptoms

A

MERCURY, LEAD, ARSENIC

72
Q

Intention tremor, delirium; MAD as HATTER in felt hat manufacturing

A

ORGANIC MERCURY

73
Q

Peripheral neuropathy and ataxia; irreversible CNS defect in children

A

LEAD

74
Q

Similar to neuropathy seen in pernicious anemia

A

NITROUS OXIDE

75
Q

Delirium, Coma

A

ARSENIC

76
Q

Irritation of mucous membrane

A

SULFUR DIOXIDE

77
Q

Usually associated with pneumoconiosis

A

DUST PARTICLES

78
Q

Fibrosing lung disease usually due to chronic occupational exposure to AIR with PARTICULATE MATTER, Eg. Anthracosis, Silicosis, Asbestosis, Berylliosis, Farmer’s Lung, Byssinosis

A

PNEUMOCONIOSIS

79
Q

Cause acute bronchospasm or exacerbate chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

SULFUR DIOXIDES, NITROGEN OXIDES, OIL FUMES & CIGARETTE SMOKING

80
Q

Battery makers, gasoline boys, solderers are workers associated with occupational exposure

A

LEAD

81
Q

Most serious manifestation of lead intoxication

A

CEREBRAL EDEMA

82
Q

Major environmental source of lead absorbed in the human bloodstream in adults

A

AIR

83
Q

Bulag (Cataracts, Bingi (Sensorineural deafness), Bobo (mental retardation), Butas ang puso (PDA), Blueberry baby

A

CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

84
Q

Most prevalent mental health disorder in young children

A

BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS (10% of children)

85
Q

Alcoholics, found in all social classes, likely women than men, likely been abused as children

A

CHIL ABUSERS

86
Q

Increased risk are associated with thrombophlebitis, Carbohydrate intolerance, high levels of high- density lipoproteins

A

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

87
Q

Testicular atrophy, aggressive behavior, cholestasis among adolescents are associated with

A

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

88
Q

Time from infection of TB to (+) Tuberculin ST

A

2-8 WEEKS

89
Q

Dengue, yellow fever, chicken pox

A

VIRAL INFECTIONS

90
Q

Scabies, Measles, Shigellosis

A

PERSON to PERSON SPREAD

91
Q

Rabies, Psittacosis, Salmonellosis

A

ZOONOSES

92
Q

Walking pneumonia, Brucella, Strep throat

A

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

93
Q

Neutralizing antibody develops in 95% of people after an attack of Measles; ability of microbe or purified antigen to INDUCE SPECIFIC ANTIBODY PRODUCTION in a host as a result of infection or immunization

A

IMMUNOGENICITY

94
Q

Febrile respiratory tract disease develops in approximately 80% of children infected with influenza; capacity of microbe to CAUSE SYMPTOMATIC ILLNESS in an infected host

A

PATHOGENICITY

95
Q

Death occurs in approximately 20% of cases of pneumococcal meningitis; Severity of illness produced by a microbe measured by the percentage of SEVERE or FATAL CASES

A

VIRULENCE

96
Q

Approximately 50% of household contacts of a child who has a common cold become infected; ability of a microbe to SPREAD in a population of exposed susceptible persons

A

CONTAGIOUSNESS

97
Q

Time interval between entry of an infectious agent into a host and the onset of symptoms

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

98
Q

Considered the single most important preventive measure against disease

A

WATER SANITATION

99
Q

Meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, periorbital or facial cellulitis (Mainly in children)

A

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA TYPE B

100
Q

2nd most common cause of AOM in children, next to Pneumococcus but most cases are due to non- typable strains rather than type B (BAD)

A

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA

101
Q

Universal prenatal screening test recommended for pregnant women based on evidence that early treatment of the neonate and subsequent vaccination is 85-90% effective in preventing development of chronic carrier state

A

HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN

102
Q

Prenatal screening for identified high risk

A

HIV SCREENING

103
Q

Prenatal screening for people at high risk for Thalassemia or Sickle Cell Anemia

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

104
Q

Prenatal screening test for women with uncertain menstrual histories or risk of IUGR

A

ULTRASOUND

105
Q

Approved in June 2011, a mandatory basic immunization shall be given for free at any government hospital or health center to infants and children up to 5 years of age covering TB, DPT, Polio, Measles, Mumps, Rubella or German Measles, Hepa B, HIB, and others determined by DOH

A

RA 10152: MANDATORY INFANTS AND CHILDREN HEALTH IMMUNIZATION ACT OF 2011

106
Q

Major mean of prevention of this disease is through passive immunization (Immune Serum Globulin)

A

VIRAL HEPATITIS TYPE A

107
Q

Given to pregnant women if Tetracycline is contraindicated

A

AZITHROMYCIN

108
Q

Pevention of Brucellosis depends on preparation of dairy products derived from Goats, Sheep or Cattle

A

PASTEURIZATION

109
Q

No vaccines for human use is available, person to person transmission does not occur, so treatment of individuals will not control spread

A

BRUCELLOSIS

110
Q

Effective means of preventing Trichinosis in humans

A

PROHIBITING THE MARKETING OF GARBAGE-FED HOGS

111
Q

Ensuring that all garbage and offal fed to hogs are heat- treated to destroy cysts or preferably devoid of animal meat; PROHIBITION OF MARKETING OF GARBAGE-FED HOGS IS EASIER TO ENFORCE THAN INSPECTION TO ENSURE THAT ALL GARBAGE IS PROPERLY COOKED; Thorough cooking at temperature at least 77oC (171oF) to destroy cysts; Freezing

A

CONTROL of TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

112
Q

Hypoalbuminemia, Edema, Ulcerated Dermopathy are characteristic signs of

A

KWASHIORKOR

113
Q

Petechiae, sore gums, hematuria, and bone or joint pain

A

VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY

114
Q

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Delirium

A

NIACIN DEFICIENCY (VITAMIN B3)

115
Q

Edema, Neuropathy and Myocardial Failure

A

THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1) DEFICIENCY

116
Q

XEROSIS CONJUNCTIVAE, HYPERKERATOSIS, and KERATOMALACIA

A

VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

117
Q

Poor mineralization of bones and teeth; Osteoporosis

A

CALCIUM DEFICIENCY

118
Q

Nausea, Diarrhea, Muscle Cramps, Dehydration

A

SODIUM DEFICIENCY

119
Q

Tendency to have dental Carries

A

FLUORINE DEFICIENCY

120
Q

Dwarfism, Hepatosplenomegaly, Poor Wound Healing

A

ZINC DEFICIENCY

121
Q

Lung Fluke Disease

A

CRAB (SUNDATHILPHUSA)

122
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

SNAIL (ONCOMELANIA)

123
Q

Toxocariasis

A

DOG

124
Q

Cysticercosis

A

SWINE

125
Q

Absolute indication for Papaniculaou Test

A

ALL SEXUALLY ACTIVE TEENAGE GIRLS

126
Q

Group of people who are related to each other either biologically, emotionally or legally; (by affinity): group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption who live together in one household; (By structure, function, composition and affection): small social system made up of individuals related to each other by reason of strong reciprocal affections and loyalties and comprising a permanent household (or cluster of household) that persists over years and decades

A

FAMILY

127
Q

Composed of parents and dependent children, has separate dwelling, economically independent

A

NUCLEAR FAMILY

128
Q

Composed of parents, children and relatives; aggregate of families or part of families from 2 or more generations occupying a single or adjacent dwellings

A

EXTENDED FAMILY

129
Q

Composed of children

A

SINGLE PARENT FAMILY

130
Q

Includes step- parents and step- children; due to divorce/ annulment with remarriage

A

BLENDED FAMILY

131
Q

Composed of different families formed for specific ideological or societal purposes, frequently considered as alternative lifestyle for people who feel alienated from a predominantly economically oriented society, Eg. Amish community

A

COMMUNAL or CORPORATE FAMILY

132
Q

Represents a composite of the individual developmental changes of family members; presents a cyclic development of the evolving family unit; shows the evolution of the marital relationship

A

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

133
Q

Leaving home, accepting emotional and financial responsibility for self, differentiation of self in relation to family of origin

A

UNATTACHED YOUNG ADULT

134
Q

Joining of families through marriage, commitment to new system, realignment of relationships with extended families and friends to include spouse

A

NEWLY MARRIED COUPLE

135
Q

Accepting new members into the marriage and extended family, joining in child rearing, financial and household task

A

FAMILY with YOUNG CHILDREN

136
Q

Increasing flexibilities to include children’s independence and grandparents’ frailties, refocus on midlife marital and career issues

A

FAMILIES with ADOLESCENTS

137
Q

Launching children and moving on, accepting exits from and entries into the family system, development of adult- to- adult relationships between grown children and their parents

A

LAUNCHING FAMILY

138
Q

Accepting the shifting of generational roles, maintaining own function in face of physiologic decline, support for a more central role of the middle generation, dealing with loss of spouse, siblings, peers, and preparation for own death, life review and integration

A

FAMILIES in LATER LIFE

139
Q

Family Apgar pertaining to capability of the family to utilize and share inherent resources

A

ADAPTATION

140
Q

Family Apgar pertaining to sharing of decision making

A

PARTNERSHIP

141
Q

Family Apgar pertaining to physical and emotional growth

A

GROWTH

142
Q

Family Apgar pertaining to satisfaction with emotional relationships and intimacy within the family

A

AFFECTION

143
Q

Family Apgar pertaining to how time, space and money are shared

A

RESOLVE

144
Q

Assesses capacity of the family’s resources and coping with crisis

A

SCREEM

145
Q

Components of SCREEM: Factors affecting Health

A

SOCIAL, CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS, ECONOMIC, EDUCATIONAL, MEDICAL

146
Q

Essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost that community can afford; forms an intergral part both of the country’s health system of which it is the nucleus and of the overall social and economic development of the community

A

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

147
Q

Equal access to health care and Self Reliance in Health

A

GOALS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

148
Q

Elements of Primary Health Care

A

Education, Local/ Endemic Disease Control, EPI, Maternal and Child Health, Essential Drugs, Nutrition, Technology transfer and Sanitation

149
Q

Government- Private sector partnership, Integration of preventive and curative measures, intersectoral linkages, use of village health workers, cooperation with traditional health systems, community organizing

A

STRATEGIES of PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Preventive Medicine (2 decks)

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