Pretest and Test 1 info to know Flashcards
Prokaryotes
Have no nucleus
Prokaryote Domains
Bacteria and Archaea
4 structures common to all cells
Plasma membrane, DNA, Cytosol, and Ribosomes (to make proteins with)
Eukaryotes
-Membrane bound nucleus
Plasma membrane Cell membrane)
composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
-It surrounds the cell
nucleus
Stores DNA as chromosomes
Mitochondria
-Harness energy of oxidation of food to form ATP
-Contains circular DNA
Chloroplasts
- Site of photosynthesis
-Plant cells only
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Site of cell membrane synthesis
- Site of synthesis of proteins for the endomembrane system secretion
Golgi Apparatus
Site of cell membrane and protein modification and sorting
Lysosomes
Site of hydrolytic (degradative) enzymes. pH 4 in vesicle
Peroxisomes
-Contains enzymes that function in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
-Degrades long chain fatty acids and destroys toxins
Cytosol
Site of early metabolic breakdown and protein synthesis
cytoskeleton
Movement and mechanical integrity
-3 types: microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments
What structure is found in bacteria but not in animal cells?
Cell wall: Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, whereas animal cells do not have a cell wall
what hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
C2H4 (ethylene)
What pair of term is correct to complete the sentence: Nucleotides are to____ as____ are to proteins.
nucleic acids: amino acids
-Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA)
-Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
What are proteins
Antibodies, enzymes, insulin, hemoglobin, etc..
what is not a protein?
cholesterol
-cholesterol is a type of lipid typically a steroid
What are all the structures common to plant and animal cells
-cell membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria, mitochondrion
-Ribosomes
- RER
- Golgi Apparatus
-Lysosomes (Mostly in Animal cells, but present in some plant cells)
-Cytoskeleton
-Peroxisomes
Structures found in animal cells but not plant are:
Centrioles, Lysosomes, Cilia and Flagella (in some cells), Smaller vacuoles
Structures found in plant cells but not animal cells
cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, Plasmodesmata
What is the endomembrane system?
A complex network of membrane-bound organelles within eukaryotic cells that work together to produce, modify, transport, and degrade proteins, lipids, and other molecules. Also facilitates communication within the cell
Structures of the endomembrane system
Nuclear envelope
ER (Rough and Smooth)
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Plasma membrane
What structure is not a part of the endomembrane system?
mitochondria
The Rough ER is involved in
protein synthesis
The smooth ER is involved in
steroid production
Ribosomes
responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondrion
ATP production
Golgi Apparatus
protein trafficking
Lysosome
Lysosomes are specialized vesicles within cells that digest large molecules through the use of hydrolytic enzymes.
Diffusion of a solute across a membrane includes:
Transport of an ion down it’s electrochemical gradient, osmosis (the diffusion of water), and facilitated diffusion (diffusion of a molecule through a membrane via specific transport protein)
hypotonic
solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the membrane
hypertonic
solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell
isotonic
solution has the same concentration of solutes with the cell
if an enzyme solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain an even faster yield of products is to…
add more of the enzyme
-When the enzyme is saturated with substrate, all active sites on the enzyme molecules are occupied, and adding more substrate will not increase the rate of rxn
-Adding more enzyme increases the number of active sites available, allowing more substrate to be processed, which increases the rate of the rxn
What metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?
glycolysis
- In fermentation, glycolysis is followed by reactions that regenerate NAD+ without producing ATP
-In cellular respiration, glycolysis is followed by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which produce a significant amt of ATP
glycolysis
process which glucose is broken down into pyruvate occurs in both fermentation and cellular respiration
What is the function of an enzyme
to speed up chemical reactions
What is true for both mitosis and meiosis?
DNA replication occurs only once during interphase
what are monosaccharides?
carbohydrates, they are simple sugars, such as glucose, that serves as an energy source for cells
What are types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroid hormones, and fatty acids
phenotype
the physical appearance resulting from the expression of the genes present
genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism, the specific set of alleles it carries
karyotype
a visual representation of an organisms chromosomes, arranged in pairs
Plasticity
ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental factors
DNA is copied prior to cell divison by the process of
replication (the process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself before a cell divides.
Translation and transcription
processes involved in gene expression, not DNA replication
Protein synthesis
refers to the process of making proteins, which involves translation and transcription
You have developed a promising anti-cancer agent, but it has poor solubility in water. Which of the following changes should improve water solubility?
A. adding a methyl group
B. adding a carboxyl group
C. increasing the size of the drug
D. adding a hydroxyl group
B. adding a carboxyl group
D. adding a hydroxyl group
Both the carboxyl group (-COOH) and the hydroxyl group (-OH) are polar functional groups. These groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, improving the compound’s solubility in water.
