Preterm

Question 1

Davidoff et al. (2006)

Answer 1

Prevalence of Preterm:

31% increase in prevalence in USA since 1981.

Question 2

Saigal and Doyle (2008)A

Answer 2

Methodological Issues with Preterm:

There are issues with getting an accurate global prevalent rate die to issues of dating pregnancy.

Question 3

Jobe and Bancalari (2001)

Answer 3

Challenge of Preterm Birth:

The lungs are one of the last organs to develop, so are especially susceptible to the consequences of preterm birth.

Question 4

Smith et al. (2015)

Answer 4

Challenge of Preterm Birth:

Perinatal risks include physical injury during birth process, low birth weight, respiratory difficulties and breech.

Question 5

Berkowitz et al. (1998)

Answer 5

Risk Factors of Preterm Birth:
Only 25-30% of preterm births can be explained by known risk factors. These include multiple gestation, previous preterm delivery, IVF pregnancy, age of mother (older mothers more likely to have premature rupture of membranes).

Question 6

Kramer et al (2000)

Answer 6

Survival Rates of Preterm Birth:

Preterm infants make up a large fraction of infant deaths.

Question 7

Saigal and Doyle (2008)B

Answer 7

Survival Rates of Preterm Birth:
Preterm survival rates have improves massively in Western societies, due to improved antenatal care and the use of incubators.

Question 8

Huddy et al. (2001)

Answer 8

Childhood Development Outcomes:
According to teacher reports, at age 7, up to one thirds of preterm born children had difficulties with motor skills, speaking, writing and maths.

Question 9

Constable et al. (2008)

Answer 9

Brain Development Outcomes:
Differences were found in the neural connectivity in the brains of preterm born children at 12 years old compared to controls.

Question 10

Swamy et al. (2008)

Answer 10

Lifelong Development Outcomes:
Preterm infants achieved less well academically and were less likely to have their own children as adults compared to full term infants. This effect was especially strong for extremely preterm infants.

Question 11

Alyward (2005)

Answer 11

Mediators - Environmental Factors:
Cognitive dysfunctions were moderated by parental socio-economic status and education, two-parent family and school and racial background.
[Link to Neuroconstructivism]

Question 12

Rosenblith (1992)

Answer 12

Mediators - Neonatal Care:
If neurological impairment was avoided, stimulation programmes in hospital and to help mothers after the infant was discharged led to more favourable developmental outcomes.
[Link to Neuroconstructivism]

Question 13

Saigal et al. (2000)

Answer 13

Resilience - Family:
By adolescence, families of preterm infants reported greater past emotional distress, however they showed resilience by having positive interactions with family and friends and enhanced feelings of accomplishment.
[Link to Neuroconstructivism]

Question 14

Winstanley et al. (2015)

Answer 14

Resilience - Temperament:
Preterm birth was negatively related to life and job satisfaction. They also had less open, more neurotic personalities.
Individual differences in personality offered some mediation on well-being, where high neuroticism led to greater risk of poorer well-being.
[Link to Neuroconstructivism]

Question 15

Karmiloff-Smith (1992)

Answer 15

Neuroconstructivism:
Bidirectional effects in preterm birth.
Biological factors are underdeveloped body and changes in neural structure.
Environmental factors are noisy, painful hospital experiences and less skin-to-skin contact for bonding.

Question 16

Holditch-Davis et al. (2003)

Answer 16

Neuroconstructivism Preterm Evidence:

Mothers show higher levels of PTSD symptoms after preterm birth.

Question 17

Bowlby (1969)

Answer 17

Attachment Theory:

Incubator/hospital make it harder for preterm infant to form attachments and relationship working models.

Question 18

Klaus and Kennel (1976)

Answer 18

Attachment Perspective - Early Bonding Hypothesis:
Extra contact between mother and baby in first day or so after birth makes differences in bond. When assessed 1 year later, extra contact mothers were more likely to sooth the crying baby.