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NeuroPhys > Presynaptic Release of Neurotransmitter > Flashcards

Presynaptic Release of Neurotransmitter Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure that is designed to facilitate both transmission and receipt of information between neurons?

A

Synapse

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2
Q

A ____ neuron will transmit information, that is received by a post-synaptic neuron

A

presynaptic

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3
Q

A _____ neuron receives information that is transmitted by a presynaptic neuron

A

Post-synaptic neuron

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4
Q

What kind of synapse utilizes gap junctions to transfer an ionic charge from one neuron to the next?

A

Electrical Synapse

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5
Q

What kind of synapse has direct connection between neuron but relies on the movement of neurotransmitter filled vesicle to transfer information to the next neuron?

A

Chemical synapse

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters trigger a response by binding to what?

A

Post-synaptic receptors

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7
Q

What is an inter-membrane structure that enables direct “electrical” communication between adjacent cells

A

Gap Junctions

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8
Q

Each cell contributes 1/2 of the gap junction channel called what?

A

Connexon

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9
Q

Connexons between cells are connected via what?

A

Hemophilia interactions

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10
Q

_____ are identical protein subunits that compose connexons and are arranged hexagonally around a central pore

A

Connexins

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11
Q

What triggers the connexins to undergo a conformational change to allow the transfer of signals.

A

Voltage
PH
Ionic concentration

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12
Q

A _____ neuron will transmit information, that is received by a _____ neuron

A

presynaptic; postsynaptic

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13
Q

Neurons also communicate via synapses to _____ for motor control and homeostatic regulation.

A

peripheral effectors

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14
Q

For electrical synapse:

The transfer of information is via _____ flowing across the gap junction

A

ionic charge

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15
Q

For chemical synapse:

The transfer of information is via a _____ crossing the synaptic cleft and binding to postsynaptic receptors

A

chemical neurotransmitter

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16
Q

A gap junction is an inter-membrane structure that enables direct “_____” communication between adjacent cells

A

“electrical”

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17
Q

Each connexon is composed of six identical protein subunits called _____, arranged hexagonally around a central pore

A

Connexins

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18
Q

Would low PH open or close the channels between the connexins?

A

Close

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19
Q

Would high Calcium level open or close the channels between the connexins?

A

Close

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20
Q

For electrical synapses, the transfer of information is via _____ from one neuron to the next through the gap junctions

A

Ionic currents

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21
Q

Neurons interconnected via gap junctions will collectively be at the same state of activity in terms of ____.

A

Membrane potential

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22
Q

_____ allows groups of neurons to collectively integrate and process information.

A

Gap junction

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23
Q

Within the brain which may include interneuronal communications via gap junctions, the transmission of information from one neuron to the next occurs via _____.

A

Chemical synapses

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24
Q

For ___ synapses, the transfer of information is via specific molecules (neurotransmitters) released from the presynaptic neuron, which function as a LIGAND to stimulate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

A

Chemical

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25
Q

What are the two directional flow of information?

A

Electrical and chemical

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26
Q

“electrical” transmission is along ___.

A

Axons

27
Q

“chemical” transmission across _____.

A

Synapses

28
Q

What is the directional flow of SENSORY information?

A

From a peripheral receptor into the central nervous system (sensory)

29
Q

What is the directional flow of NERVOUS information?

A

Between neurons (“interneuronal”) within the central nervous system (nervous)

30
Q

What is the directional flow of MOTOR information?

A

From the central nervous system to a “peripheral effector” (motor)

31
Q

____ transmission propagated action potentials along nerve fibers.

A

Electrical

32
Q

____ transmission is the transference of the signal from the nerve ending to the next neuron or peripheral effector via a synapse.

A

Chemical

33
Q

What is the space called that is between presynaptic and postsynaptic?

A

Synaptic cleft

34
Q

Information transfer from the presynaptic nerve ending to receptors along the postsynaptic membrane occurs via a _____ neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft from the nerve ending.

A

Chemical

35
Q

Along _____ membrane, there are receptors which receives the neurotransmitters.

A

Postsynaptic

36
Q

Nomenclature creates groups, or families, of related neurotransmitters based upon their _____ structure.

A

chemical

37
Q

What are monoamines (biogenic amines) derived from?

A

A single amino acid precursor

38
Q

What are the two examples of monoamines?

A

Tyrosine and tryptophan

39
Q

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are derived from?

A

Tyrosine

40
Q

Serotonin is derived from?

A

Tryptophan

41
Q

What is g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derived from?

A

Glutamate

42
Q

What is a primary neurotransmitter in PNS and CNS?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

43
Q

Synthesis of acetylcholine requires what?

A

Choline acetyltransferase

44
Q

Synaptic degradation of acetylcholine requires what?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

45
Q

Postsynaptic receptors are classified as?

A

Cholinergic

46
Q

Postsynaptic receptors are classified as cholinergic, what are the two major subgroups?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

47
Q

What are the three Catecholamines?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

48
Q

What is the common precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine?

A

Tyrosine

49
Q

postsynaptic receptors are classified as _____.

A

adrenergic

50
Q

What are the two major subgroups of adrenergic?

A

Alpha and beta

51
Q

_____ is the principle excitatory neurotransmitter within the CNS

A

Glutamate

52
Q

___ and ___are the principle inhibitory neurotransmitters within the CNS

A

Glycine and g-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

53
Q

A neuron’s “state of activity” is maintained through its response to the _____ that it receives

A

synaptic inputs

54
Q

A neuron’s state of activity is viewed in terms of:
-Whether or not it is “___” action potentials.

-When “___”, the frequency at which it “fires” action potentials

A

Firing; active

55
Q

A neuron’s state of activity is determined by its _____.

A

membrane potential

56
Q
  • Signaling from the presynaptic
  • the arrival of action potentials at the nerve terminal
  • neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic terminal
  • ligand-activation of the postsynaptic receptors

These are the four major steps for what?

A

Transfer of information from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

There must be a sufficient concentration of _____ in the extracellular fluid in order for neurotransmitter to release.

A

calcium

58
Q

What is the first major step in the process of neurotransmitter release?

A

mobilization and trafficking of vesicles to the active zone

59
Q

What is the second major step in the process of neurotransmitter release?

A

Docking of the vesicle to the axonal membrane at the active zone

60
Q

What is the third major step in the process of neurotransmitter release?

A

Fusion of the two membranes (vesicle and axon), leading to neurotransmitter release via exocytosis

61
Q

Mobilization and trafficking of vesicles to the active zone involves _____.

A

Synapsins

62
Q

Several key regulatory proteins must interact with the _____ proteins to cause docking, fusion, and exocytosis

A

SNARES

63
Q

What are the two cytoplasmic proteins that binds to SNARE complex causes dissociation in ATP dependent reaction?

A

SNAP and NSF

NeuroPhys (5 decks)

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