Presidents + Ideas Flashcards

1
Q

When was McKinley president?

A
  • 1896-1901
  • easily won re-election in 1900 but was assassinated 5 Sept 1901
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2
Q

What did McKinley do in his presidency?

A
  • maintained his promise of the protective tariff - the Dingley Tariff Act 1897 pushed tariff rates to even higher levels
  • strong believer in the gold standard - Alaska-Yukon Gold Rush of 1897-9 increased the amount of gold in circulation
  • 1900 = introduced the Currency Act - committing US to maintain the gold standard
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3
Q

What strengthened McKinley’s presidency?

A
  • success in Spanish-American war
  • although he wasn’t personally keen on expansionist policies, a lot of republicans were + he was happy to bask in the glory of military + naval success in Cuba + the Pacific
  • adopted war hero Theodore Roosevelt as Vice-president in 1900 re-elections - they had significant differences in political beliefs but were a strong electoral team
  • easily won re-elections but was assassinated 6 months in
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4
Q

What was different about Roosevelt to other republicans?

A
  • more radical
  • sympathy with progressivism
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5
Q

What was progressivism?

A
  • the progressive movement was the most important influence on American society + politics between 1900 + 1917
  • it expressed discontent + demands for social + political reform
  • where populism was rural + regional, progressivism was urban, middle-class + national
  • themes include attacks on political corruption, demands to regulate businesses + break up cartels/trusts, female suffrage, protection of workers etc.
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6
Q

Roosevelt + progressivism

A
  • Roosevelt was publicly an enemy of big business - he regularly denounced the ‘wealthy criminal class’
  • he promised to regulate businesses effectively + limit success
  • enforced 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act
  • 1906 Hepburn Act ensured closer regulation of railroad companies
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7
Q

What happened in the Panic of 1907?

A
  • stock market collapsed
  • govt. was bailed out by bankers led by JP Morgan - who injected millions of dollars into stock market to rise prices + restore business confidence
  • depression was prevented but the power of big businesses + weakness of govt. was clearly shown
  • progressives demanded reform
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8
Q

1908 re-election

A
  • Theodore Roosevelt’s was in a strong position to run for a third term as president but believed in presidents being limited to two terms
  • the economy was booming + republicans were certain to win
  • replaced by William Howard Taft
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9
Q

Taft’s beliefs

A
  • divergence from Roosevelt’s policies to more conservative policies
  • pleased big businesses by rising tariffs to a very high level
  • did still launch antitrust legislation including action against US steel
  • conservative republicans were pleased with Taft’s quieter political style + reformist republicans were reassured with Taft pushing through progressive legislation
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10
Q

Impact of progressivism to temporary end of Republican dominance

A
  • the Democratic Party now committed to progressive policies, had an unexpected success in the mid-term elections in 1910
  • this brought division to the Republican Party led by Robert La Follette - rise of the National Progressive Party in response to Taft appointing mostly conservatives to his new cabinet
  • Theodore Roosevelt came back - disruptive + decisive
  • Mass support for Roosevelt as a rebel candidate - won nomination for the National Progressive party
  • clear Taft was going to lose due to Republican split
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11
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s presidency

A
  • 1912-1920
  • a democratic interlude in the Republican dominance between 1896 - 1932
  • progressive
  • won re-election in 1916
  • ‘Wilsonism’ was rejected in the 1920 elections
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12
Q

Problems of the Democratic Party

A
  • rise of populism divided the party
  • Bryan’s demands for ‘free silver’ 1896 elections alienated voters in the north east as it was to gain voters in the south + Great Plains
  • democrats turned to Bryan again in 1908 who had adopted more moderate, progressive views (no longer campaigning for free silver) - trying to appeal to conservative pro-business democrats as well as south + west = this didn’t work
  • the crack in the Republican political machine due to Taft alienating Progressive republicans gave democrats the opportunity for success
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13
Q

What led Democratic success in 1912?

A
  • the crack in the Republican political machine due to Taft alienating Progressive republicans gave democrats the opportunity for success
  • 1910 - mid term elections led to democrats winning control of house of representatives
  • the growing strength of progressivism - Roosevelt split the Republican Party through leading the National Progressive Party to challenge Taft
  • where as Wilson took a unifier approach to progressivism - winning 6.3m votes
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14
Q

‘New Freedom’

A
  • slogan used in the 1912 presidential campaign - differentiating his progressive ideas from those of Roosevelt
  • Wilson believed in a return to freedom for small businesses + open competition instead of domination by big corporate cartels
  • slashed tariff rates by 20% - Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
  • reforming banks + currency - Federal Reserve Act
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15
Q

What was the Federal Reserve Act?

A
  • bought in by Wilson to establish a strong central bank which was under public regulation + control
  • all national banks were compelled to join one of the 12 region federal reserve banks - which were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board
  • this gave protection against financial panics like those in 1893 + 1907
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16
Q

Wilson’s regulation of big businesses

A
  • 1914 - Clayton Antitrust Act was passed to extend the powers of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act
  • 100 antitrust cases were bought against big businesses
17
Q

Wilson’s reform for workers

A

1916
- Adamson Act - used federal powers to regulate inter-state trade to bring in an eight hour working day for railroad workers
- Federal Farm Loan Act - farms got access to long term loans, enabling them to extend production at a time where there was increased demand because of the war

18
Q

What made Roosevelt progressive?

A
  • regular denounced the wealthy criminal class
  • enforced Sherman anti-trust act
  • 1905 Hepburn Act - regulating railroads
  • National parks + forests (173 million acres in 1909)
19
Q

What made Roosevelt less progressive?

A
  • believed Big Business was essential for national prosperity
  • didn’t like populists
  • accepted aid from JP Morgan in 1907 (stock market panic)
20
Q

What made Taft progressive?

A
  • tackled corruption with Roosevelt
  • supported US foreign policy abroad
  • believed in the importance of regulating business
21
Q

What made Taft less progressive?

A
  • pleased business - sacked Roosevelt’s forest chief
  • Payne-Aldrich Tariff act - very high level
22
Q

Who was more progressive?

A
  • Roosevelt = didn’t go far enough - symbolic reforms - did provide a ‘kick start’ of progressive reforms
  • Taft = passed some anti-trust legislation
  • Wilson = brought in many significant amendments, more anti-big business