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Politics Paper 3 > Presidency > Flashcards

Presidency Flashcards

1
Q

What are the formal powers of the president

A 
Legislation
Nomination
Executive orders
Pardons
Commander in Chief
State of the Union address
Treaty signing
Receiving ambassadors
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2
Q

Where has the President proposed legislation

A

Propose
Can propose in State of the Union address.
-> Obama asked at each 2010-15 for immigration reform

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3
Q

Where has the President signed legislation

A

Make into law

-> Bipartisan Infrastructure Act 2021

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4
Q

Where has the President vetoed legislation

A

Send back to Confress

-> War Powers Resolution 2020

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5
Q

What is the limitation of the Pres power of nomination

A

Senate must ratify this
John Tower rejected as Secretary of Defence in 1989 because he was an infamous womaniser.
To avoid humiliation, most Presidents will simply withdraw a nomination
Trump withdrew his nomination of Andrew Puzder in 2016.

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6
Q

PM’s power over nominating judges?

A

Only when a position is open
Bush nominated 327, but Trump only 157
-> Obama rejected trying to nominate Garland
-> Neil Gorsuch nominated by Trump 54-45, 2017
-> Ginsburg nominated by Clinton 96-3, 1993

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7
Q

PM’s power over recess appointments

A

Made when Congress is not sitting and last for 1 year without Senate approval
Bush made 171, like John Bolton as Ambassador to NATO
Obama did make 39, but 4 of his were rejected in NLRB v Canning 2014 (cannot make an appt if Senate is in recess for under 10 days)

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8
Q

When has an executive order been overturned

A

1984: Reagan forbade family planning clinics with federal funds advising abortion
1992: Clinton revoked it
2000: Bush brought it back in
2008: Obama revoked it
2016: Trump reinstated it

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9
Q

What are more successful executive orders?

A

EO 13813: Removed federal subsidies for Obamacare, 2017.
EO 13769: Muslim Travel Ban, 2018
EO 14068: Russia sanctions, 2022

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10
Q

When did the Supreme Court support an executive order

A

Trump v Hawaii 2018

Travel Ban was not beyond a President’s rights.

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11
Q

How many executive orders did trump sign in his first year

A

58 - more than any post-ww2 president!

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12
Q

What was the executive memorandum released by Obama?

A

DACA in 2012. Overridden by US v Texas 2016 due to the cost of it!

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13
Q

What were some recent proclamations?

A

2001: National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks
2019: Humanitarian Crisis at Southern Border over lawless migration from Mexico.

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14
Q

How many pardons and commutations did Bush give

A 
Pardons = 189
Commutations = 11
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15
Q

How many pardons and commutations did Obama give

A

Pardons = 212

Commutations - 1715 (mostly drug related)

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16
Q

How many pardons and commutations did Trump give

A 
Pardons = 143 (116 in January 2021)
Commutations = 94
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17
Q

What happened with Chelsea Manning?

A

Commutation by Obama in 2017 - leaked info on Iraq War

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18
Q

What happened with Steve Banning?

A

Pardoned by Trump over tax fraud.

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19
Q

What was pardongate?

A

Jimmy Carter gave over 200,000 pardons for men who did not fight in the Vietnam War.

20
Q

What was the War Powers Resolution?

A

1973
President had to notify Congress within 48 hours of military action
Armed forces cannot stay in a country for over 60 days without an AUMF

21
Q

What have the challenges to the WPR been

A

Every President since 1970s have challenged it

2000: SC refused to hear cases over whether it was violated in Yugoslavia by Bush
2011: Obama did not have an AUMF when he bombed Libya.

22
Q

How did Bush use state of the union?

A

2002: Act against Axis of Evil - all but 1 Senator voted to give Bush an AUMF!

23
Q

How did Obama use state of the union

A

2013: Gun control - unsuccessful
2010: Gay rights - successful
2010-15: Immigration reform - unsuccessful

24
Q

How did Trump use state of the union

A

2018: Repeal Obamacare - unsuccessful

25
Q

How did Biden use state of the union

A

2022: act against Russia - pending

26
Q

What is an Executive Agreement?

A

Paris Climate Change Agreement 2015

27
Q

Where have Congress rejected a treaty?

A

UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities in 2008 (too expensive!)

28
Q

Where have Congress ratified a Treaty?

A

Start III 2010: between Russia and USA to reduce nuclear warheads

29
Q

Where has a President took advantage of receiving ambassadors

A

Obama successfully aggravated China by receiving Dalai Lama (who campaigns for Tibetan Independence) 4 times!

30
Q

What are the President’s informal powers?

A

Power to persuade
Executive Office
Office of Management and Budget
National Security Council

31
Q

Where have Presidents attempted to morally appease to lawmakers

A

Obama: “we have an obligation to save lives” after Sandyhook massacre in 2012

32
Q

Where have Presidents used the bully pulpit?

A

Trump bussed the entire Senate to the Whitehouse for a briefing on North Korea in 2017

33
Q

Where have Presidents used their gravitas?

A

Trump sent an aide to talk to whips to pass Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 2017

34
Q

What is the executive office of the president?

A

Staff to offer the President advice.
2000 staff under Obama
-> Bush Sr fired Sununu for advancing his own agenda in 1991

35
Q

How did Trump limit the power of the National Security Council

A

Relegated Joint Chiefs of Staff to only attending meetings concerning their experience

36
Q

What Presidents have added which Ministries

A

Bush: Department of Homeland Security 2002 (advanced federal power)

37
Q

How did Obama use the Cabinet to extend his own power?

A

Compared them to “good students in class”, they frequently meet without him as they will always do his bidding anyway

38
Q

how did Clinton describe his Cabinet?

A

“Looks like America”: 7 black people, 44% women (first female secretary of state - Madeleine Albright)

39
Q

What percentage of each President’s Cabinet were white men?

A 
Reagan - 81%
Clinton - 48%
Bush Jr - 59%
Obama - 36%
Trump - 71%
Biden - 41%
40
Q

What was the Bush doctrine

A

Pre-emptive War against threats as set out in 2002 State of the Union

41
Q

Where was the Bush doctrine seen

A

March 2004: Condaleeza Rice asked to testify before 9/11 commission: only allowed to if it did not set a precedent.
2003: Iraq War based on unsubstantiated claims of the government possessing weapons of mass destruction

42
Q

What was Obama’s soft power

A

When he pledged to “attraction not coercion”, close Guantanamo Bay (it is open today) and withdraw from Afghanistan

43
Q

What actually happened to foreign policy under Obama

A 
Extension of PATRIOT Act 2001
2010: Offensive on Afghanistan
Employed 300 drone strikes in his first term when Bush used only 50
2011: Did withdraw from Iraq
2013: Killed Bin Laden
44
Q

Where has Trump’s hard power been seen

A

2017: After North Korea threatened missiles, Trump said he would meet them with “fire and fury” (but he was the only President to receive Kim Jong Un)
2019: Killed leader of ISIS, Baghdadi
2020: Killed Iran’s Soleimani.

45
Q

Where has Congress had a role in foreign policy

A

2012: Conducted investigation into attack on US diplomatic facilities in Libya
Congress barred Obama from using funds to transfer detainees from Guantanamo bay in 2015
Blocked UN Convocation on the Rights of Disabled People in 2008
War Powers Resolution
2001: AUMF against 9/11

46
Q

Where has President dominated foreign policy

A

Paris Climate Agreement 2016
Withdrawal from Paris Climate Agreement 2020
Zivotofsky v Kerry 2002: President had the choice whether he should recognise Jerusalem

Politics Paper 3 (6 decks)

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