Presenting signs of Abnormalities/Disease Flashcards
Which Disease causes this?
1
Q
- young male puppy
- Testicle (or rarely both) cannot be felt in scrotum and he is between 2-4 months of age
- may have further complications and possible abdominal mass
A
- Cryptorchidism
- most common: Undescended unilateral testicle in the inguinal canal
- Neutering and removal of the retained testicle(s) are recommended as soon as possible.
- If only one testicle is retained, the dog will have two incisions - one for extraction of each testicle. If both testicles are in the inguinal canal, there will also be two incisions.
- If both testicles are in the abdomen, a single abdominal incision will allow access to both
- this male should not be bred from further down the line
2
Q
- Smaller than normal testicle/s with normal turgor.
- May be oligospermia and infertility.
- Usually libido is normal.
- Unilateral or bilateral.
- Grey collie syndrome: also gastrointestinal, ocular and hematologic abnormalities.
A
Testicular Hypoplasia
- Occasional finding -> unsuitable for breeding.
- Treatment: none.
3
Q
Male with XY karyotype
Born without testicles
A
Anorchism
- Anorchia (also called anorchidism or anorchism) is a disorder of sex development in which a person with XY karyotype, which usually corresponds to male sex, is born without testes
- this and monorchism are very rare! more likely to be cryptorchid if testicles are not palpable in the scrotum
4
Q
Testicles of Different Sizes
- one has gotten larger and caused the other to shrink or remain the same size
A
- Most often cause is testicular neoplasia
(in dogs sertoli cell, seminoma and Leydig cell are the major testicular neoplasms (with few rare others) or mixtures thereof (don’t forget there can be a mixture of neoplasm types within one mass)
Other causes: orchitis/epididymitis, torsion
Best diagnosed by US
Biopsies are also helpful (usually excisional via castration)
5
Q
- Male dog comes in presenting signs of feminization - condition where a male dog takes on uncharacteristic female qualities (e.g., dog’s penis may shrivel or shrink in appearance, there may be abnormal breast development, and the dog may adopt a female position to urinate
- Upon PE you note that there is a testicle missing from the scrotum and you can palpate a mass in the patients caudal abdomen
- Skin changes may be apparent
- One testicle that is larger than the other, with wasting or shriveling of the other testicle
A
- likely a cryptorchid male
- feminisation caused by a Sertoli Cell Tumor that is producing excess oestrogen in the male dog
- can be a result of seminomas in some cases as well
6
Q
- Patient comes in with respiratory issues
- Idications of pleural effusion
- Thoracocentesis shows turbind, milky, white fluid
- Dulled sounds in lung field and apex beat
A
- Chylothorax
- Chylothorax is a relatively rare condition in the cat in which lymphatic fluid or chyle accumulates in the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity lies between the lungs and the inner lining of the chest wall. Normally, only about a teaspoon (5 millilitres) of clear fluid is present in this space. The purpose of the fluid is to keep the surface of the lungs lubricated so that they do not adhere to the chest wall. When chylothorax is present, up to a quart (litre) of fluid may be present in this space
- if a pleural effusion is present - this means that an abnormal amount of fluid has accumulated in the pleural space surrounding the lungs. This accumulation limits the patients ability to expand the lungs completely, forcing it to breathe rapidly and shallowly.
7
Q
4 year old Male Entire Dog:
- Swollen testicles (epididymal enlargement)
- Licking of the scrotum and scrotal skin irritation (dermatitis)
- testicular pain
- scrotal oedema
- Non-localized symptoms include pain and fever
- Unwillingness to walk and general lethargy
- Open wound may be found
- Some refusal to eat
- Infertility is commonly seen in dogs with this condition
- May abscessate via scrotum and the animal may be systemically ill
A
Epididymitis/Orchitis in Dogs
- Epididymitis is inflammation of the testicular tube where sperm is stored, while orchitis is inflammation of the testes themselves.
- While the condition can be chronic, acute forms caused by direct trauma to the scrotum are more common. Epididymitis is commonly diagnosed in dogs, generally striking in the adult years; the average age of dogs affected with this condition is four years old.
- Breed does not indicate the probability of a dog being affected
- Adhesions between the tunic and scrotum may lower testicular mobility in chronic cases
- Infections may stem from the urinary tract, direct penetrations or via haematogenous spread
- treatment is usually castration (depends on the use of the dog)
8
Q
Entire Male Dog
- Swelling and pain in the scrotum
- V+ in some cases
- Upon examination the scrotum may have wounds from a penetrating trauma, such as bite wounds
- pet is noted to be licking this area frequently, an examination will likely reveal a dermatitis condition on the scrotum
- If the pain and swelling are acute, you will likely notice a significant change in the behavior of your pet such as no desire for food or water and cries of pain with movement
A
- Testicular Torsion
- Unusual, more common in retained testicles (cryptorchid)
- Presenting signs are variable and can be confused with Disease of other body systems (e.g. V+)
- Usually ischemic at time of operation - Castration usually required
9
Q
- Male dog
- Presents with a Penile Mass
- clinical appearance and biopsy indicate neoplasia
A
- can rule out inflammatory and urethral prolapse being the cause (other 2 diagnoses)
- Penile tumors are uncommon: but more common in the dog than the cat
- Soft Tissues may be: Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) , Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), Papilloma (pic), lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, MCT
- Os tissue: Osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma (benign fibro-osseous neoplasm) , chondrosarcoma (tumor of cartilage cells)
10
Q
- Male dog presents with a protruding penis
- Penis is not erect upon examination and protrudes from the prepuce
- cannot be retracted with stimulation
A
- Paraphimosis
- refers to the dog’sinability to retract its penis back in to the sheath
may be from:
- narrowed preputial orifice/hairy prepuce causing blockage
- penile enlargment preventing retraction (swolled/dry)
- Failure of penis to stay in prepuce (short prepuce, weak preputial musceles, weak retractor penis muscle, contracture following a wound)
- Congenital or acquired
- treatment may be Sx or symptomatic
11
Q
Phallopexy
A
12
Q
- Dog or cat comes in with a history of recent trauma
- has had persistent erection for over 4 hours
- shows increased levels of lactate on a blood gas analysis of aspirated blood from engorged penis
A
- PRIAPISM
- uncommon in cats and dogs
- associated with trauma in both species
- can also be associated with perineal abscesses, neurological disease, neoplasia
- often commonly due to the development of thrombosis of draining vein –> leads to swelling
- need to determine if the penis is still viable or not (Non-ischaemic or ischaemic)
- non-ischemic: arterial, high flow
- ischemic: painful rigid shaft with a soft glans (head of the penis) - EMERGENCY
13
Q
- Male cat or Dog
- Penile Hemorrhage
- painful or difficult urination (dysuria)
- extravasation of urine
A
- Penile Injury
- May occur 2ndary to:
- mating
- fence jumping
- dog fights
- cat bites
- RTA
- Iatrogenic (from Sx)
14
Q
Young Male Canine presents with:
A
15
Q
Immature Male Canine Presents with:
A
- Persistent Frenulum
- immature dogs
- penis and prepuce should be fully separated after puberty
- Treatment: sectioning under short GA
17
Q
- adult male entire dog presents with some Dyschezia
- occassional dysuria and haematuria
- note uniform prostatic enlargement on PE and US (symmetrically enlarged prostate)
A
- Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
- normal aging change that may be associated with clinical disease (is actually very common in older male entire dogs - basically goes with being that age and entire)
- basically gets so big that is causes other problems including difficulty defecating
18
Q
- male entire dog presents with:
- Purulent urethral discharge
- some systemic illness
- dysuric
- painful
- possible V/D, PU/PD
- fear of collapse with septic shock
- pain on rectal exam
- Rx shows eccentric enlargement of prostate
A
- Prostatitis
- like the male dog pyometra almost
- Infections usually associated with UTI but may be from haematogenous spread
- diagnosis on PE and US most useful
- aspirate in some cases - large syringe in attempt to empty whole cavity
- check for testicular involvement
- treatment: medical/Sx
- poor outcomes if not treated quickly!
19
Q
Dog with this US result:
- also with some urethral discharge
- not as systemically ill (unlike you would see with prostatic abscesses/Prostatitis)
A
- prostatic cysts (internal) or paraprostatic cysts (external)
- Not uncommon in dogs (can occur in cats?)
- these can be HUGE! and very thin walled with a thin attachment to the the prostate
20
Q
- Castrated Male (cat or dog)
- weight loss
- pain
- Hind leg lameness
- dychezia/dysuria
- Some Hindleg Oedema
- on palpation: prostate feels large OR irregular, small and firm (& painful)
A
- Prostatic Neoplasia (rare in cats and dogs)
- Adenocarcinoma and Transitional Cell Carcinoma (lining urethral element of prostate)
- most common prostatic disease to occur in castrated animals
- usually locally invasive and metastasise
- can cause aggressive and wispy new bone to form on ileum (wings), vertebrae and prepubic area
- Dx: based on biopsy (TruCut under US - incisional)
- poor prognosis
- Palliative care: urethral stent, cystostomy tubem NSAIDs, other symptomatic care
- prostatectomy: rarely a suitable option
21
Q
A
- stump granuloma after Ovariohysterectomy
- also massive vaginal hemorrhage after developing a fistula from improper cervical ligatures entering the lumen and not staying in the muscle
- need to go back and revise the stump
22
Q
A
- cervical ligature including the ureter accidentally after a routine spay
- mouse is pointing at air bubble
- injected contrast from kidney downwards to investigate
- presents with a uretovaginal fistula
- incontinence shortly after Sx and pain associated
24
Q
A
Systemically unwell! - this is life threatening! MEDICAL EMERGENCY
–> this is secondary to a deep penetrating wound
- bacteria inoculation due to lack of proper Sx management
- this is all dead skin below this black necrotic line –> NECROTIZING FASCITIS
25
Q
Male Cat
13 years old
Maine Coon
murmur found of PE with prominent apical impulse
arrhythmia found (tacharrhythmia)
O describes cat appearing normal recently, but now condition has worsened
lungs: you find crackles upon auscultation
cat is dyspnoiec
A
- Most likely differential : Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- genetic predisposition in some breeds
- Mane Coons and Ragdoll breeds: mutation in myosin binding protein C
- could be in heart failure with pulmonary oedema due to increased pressures in the LA from poor filling of LV
- Tacharrhytmia is a POOR SIGN, could have sudden death if there are ventricular fibrillations
- murmur could likely be from regurgitation in the mitral valve as a result of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (most common cause of murmur in HCM cats, about 1/3 of HCM cats documented with it)
